The History of Antiquity, Vol. 5 (of 6). Duncker Max
forms the cradle of the Herirud and Hilmend, the modern Ghuristan, to the west of the plateau of Ghasna.
9
Lassen, "Indische Alterthumskunde," 1, 428. Fr. Müller ("Ueber die Sprache der Afghanen") is of the opinion that the Afghan does not come between Indian and Persian, but belongs to the Iranian stem, and the Afghan has preserved the old Bactrian relations of sound more faithfully than the Persian, and thus shows itself to be a direct descendant of the old eastern dialect of Iran. Trump proves that Afghan is an ancient independent language of strong Indian type. "Z. D. M. G." 21, 10 ff.
10
Strabo, pp. 508, 514, 724; Plin. "Hist. Nat." 6, 29; Diod. 17, 75.
11
Ritter, "Erdkunde," 8, 425 ff.
12
Isid. "Charac. Mans. Parth." 10-14. The Parthians rose with the Hyrcanians against Darius; Parthians and Hyrcanians formed one satrapy. The Parthians are the Pahlav of Moses of Khorene, the Pehlew of later writers. The mention of them in the inscriptions of Darius proves that they are not a later immigrant Scythian,
13
Curt. 7, 4.
14
Strabo, pp. 118, 516, 682; Arrian, "Anab." 3, 29. On Aornus, cf. Vol. IV. p. 395.
15
Ptolem. 6, 11; 8, 7; Strabo, pp. 514, 516; Arrian, "Anab." 3, 29; 4, 1, 16, 22; Plin. "Hist. Nat." 6, 17, 18; Steph. Byz.
16
Elphinstone, "Kabul," 2, 213, 214.
17
Strabo,
18
Herod. 7, 62; Strabo (pp. 516, 517, 724) includes in Ariana, Gedrosia, Arachosia, Drangiana, Paropanisus, Aria, Parthia, and Caramania. Cf. Pausan. 2, 3, 8.
19
Diod. 1, 94. Damascius ("De Primis Principiis," p. 384) speaks of the Μάγοι δὲ καὶ πᾶν τὸ ἅριον γἑνος.
20
"Vendid." 19, 132; "Mihr Yasht," 4, 13; "Tistar Yasht," 9, 56, 60.
21
Naksh-i-Rustem, a., 14.
22
Herod. 7, 61. Cf. Steph. Byz. Ἀρταία.
23
On the tribe of the Brahuis in the south-east, on this side of the Indus, cf. Vol. IV. p. 10.
24
Haug, "The book of Arda Viraf," p. xxv. Mordtmann has shown on the coins of the Arsacids and Sassanids the stages between the older forms and the language of Firdusi; "Z. D. M. G." 4, 84 ff., 8, 9 ff. On the forms of the Old Bactrian on the coins of the Græco-Bactrian and Indo-Scythian princes: Lassen, "Indische Alterthum." 22, 834 ff. Spiegel, "Parsigrammatik," s. 116 ff.
25
It has been recently proved that the inhabitants of the mountain country between Cabul and Herat, the Aimaks and Hazares, speak Persian.
26
Polyb. fragm. 34 f.; below, p. 26.
27
Above, p. 6; Vol. III. p. 3, "Zikruti in rugged Media I added to the land of Assyria;"
28
Vol. III. p. 77.
29
Herod. 1, 153, 177, 201, 204.
30
Strabo, p. 517; Arrian, "Anab." 4, 23; Plin. "H. N." 6, 18; Ptolem. 6, 12.
31
Ctes. fragm. Pers. c. 12.
32
Behist. 1, 6; Persep. 25; Naksh-i-Rustem, 12-14.
33
Herod. 3, 91, 92.
34
Vol. I. p. 285. The amount is about 2096 thalers.
35
Behist. 2, 14-16; 3, 10-12.
36
Herod. 7, 64, 82; 9, 113.
37
Herod. 8, 93.
38
Diod. 11, 69; Ctes. Pers. ecl. 31.
39
Arrian, "Anab." 3, 21.
40
Arrian,
41
Justin. 41, 4.
42
As was shown in Vol. IV. p. 278, the Vishnu Purana represents the sacrificial horse of Pushpamitra, who sat on the throne of Magadha between 178 and 142 B.C. (Vol. IV. p. 550), to have been carried off by an army of Yavanas on the right bank of the Indus, and then restored. The dominion of the Græco-Bactrian princes in the East existed from 200 to 150 B.C.
43
Strabo, p. 516. I need not prove that Ἰωμάνης must be read here for Ἰσάμος, or that Σαραόστου παραλία is Surashtra; cf. Wilson, "Ariana antiq." p. 281. Apollodotus, Apaladata on the Arian legends of his coins, is no doubt the Bhagadatta of the Mahabharata, just as the Dattamitra there mentioned is Demetrius; Vol. IV. p. 80,
44
In the year 1843 there were about 1000 Guebre families in Yezd, and a hundred in Kerman. Westergaard, "Avesta," 1, 21: the persecution of 1848 considerably reduced their numbers.
45
Haug, "Pahlavi-Pazand Glossary," pp. 80, 81.
46
"Vendid." 1, 73-76.
47
"Vendid." 1, 46.
48
"Vendid." 19, 130; 1, 50.
49
Burnouf, "Jour. Asiat." 1845, pp. 287, 288. It seems to me doubtful whether we should look for Airyana Vaeja on the sources of the Oxus. The statement in the Bundehesh that Airyana Vaeja was situated beside Atropatene is, however, of very little weight against the fact that the Arians of East Iran are nearest to the Arians of India. I shall return to this point below. The remark in Stephanus, "Ἀριανία, a nation among the Cadusians," would be of some importance if it were taken from Apollodorus of Artemita, and not from the grammarian of that name. The district of Arran on the Kur may possibly be meant.
50
"Vendid." 1, 14-18.
51
"Vendid." 1, 30, 42.
52
"Vendid." 1, 60.
53
"Yaçna," 9, 4.
54
"Vendid." 2, 1-21, after Karl Geldner's translation. [Cf. Darmesteter's translation in M. Müller's 'Sacred Books of the East,' Vol. IV.]
55
"Vendid." 2, 21-43.
56
"Aban Yasht," 9; "Farvardin Yasht," 131; "Bahram Yasht," 40; "Ram Yasht," 23.
57
"Farvardin Yasht," 131 ff.
58
"Yaçna," 9, 30; "Vendid." 20, 11 ff.
59
"Vendid." 20; "Yaçna," 9, 32, 39; "Ram Yasht," 7, 28; "Farvardin Yasht," 136; "Zamyad Yasht," 41 ff. According to the "Mainyo-i-Khard," Kereçaçpa, besides slaying the serpent Çruvar, slew the wolf Kapod, the water demon Gandarsi, the bird Kamak, and kept back much oppression from the world. West, "Mainyo-i-Khard," c. 27.
60
Justi, "Handbuch,"
61
"Farvardin Yasht," 131.
62
"Farvardin Yasht," 132; "Zamyad Yasht," 71.
63
"Gosh Yasht," 18; "Ashi Yasht," 38.