The History of Antiquity, Vol. 5 (of 6). Duncker Max

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Yasht," 49; "Gosh Yasht," 18; "Ashi Yasht," 38; "Afrin Zartusht," 7; "Zamyad Yasht," 77; "Ram Yasht," 32.

65

"Aban Yasht," 76, 98; "Ashi Yasht," 46; "Farvardin Yasht," 102; "Ram Yasht," 36.

66

"Aban Yasht," 109, 117; "Farvardin Yasht," 38; "Gosh Yasht," 29, 30; "Ashi Yasht," 50, 81; "Zamyad Yasht," 87.

67

"Aban Yasht," 104-106; "Farvardin Yasht," 142; "Gosh Yasht," 26; "Ram Yasht," 36.

68

"Vendid." 2, 39, 40.

69

Vol. IV. 21 n. Spiegel, "Avesta," 3, Einl. s. 58. The favourite comparison of the enclosure of Yima with the deluge of the Hebrews appears to me anything but apposite. Iran, and still more Bactria, is unsuited to give rise to the legend of a flood. Nor is there any question of the destruction of evil men (if there had been, Yima would have been the most guilty and the least deserving of pardon), but of the end of the golden age, as is shown in the Vendidad, the Yaçna, and the Yashts: the earth becomes more thickly peopled, men and animals do not grow old or die. If we must bring together things which have really no relation to each other, it would be more apposite to compare the paradise of the Hebrews. The reason for the end of the golden age is the guilt of Yima. [Cf. Kuenen, "Religion of Israel," 3, c. 9, E. T.]

70

"Zamyad Yasht," 46.

71

"Rigveda," 1, 158; 10, 8, 5.

72

Westergaard in Weber's "Ind. Studien," 3, 413 ff., 426 ff. Kuhn combines Trita with Triton and Tritogeneia; Hofer's "Zeitschrift," 1, 276, 289.

73

Haug, "Essays," pp. 235, 236.

74

Kuhn, "Beiträge," 4, 44; Haug, "Essays," pp. 235, 236.

75

Strabo, p. 517. [Τοριούαν is a v. l. for Ταπυρίαν.]

76

[Cf. Darmesteter, "Zend-Avesta," Introduction, c. iii.]

77

Haug, "The Book of Arda Viraf," p. 142 ff.

78

Herbedh is the old Bactrian athrapaiti.

79

Haug, "Pahlavi-Pazand Glossary," p. 144, 146.

80

It is found in the so-called "Great Rivayat."

81

Vullers, "Fragmente über die Religion Zoroasters," s. 15-42; Haug, "Essays," p. 125.

82

Quatremère, "Journ. des Savants," 1840, p. 413.

83

Clemens Alex. "Strom." p. 598.

84

Diogen. Laert. prooem. The corrupt passage in Athenæus (p. 478) is not a sufficient reason for refusing to accept Hermippus of Smyrna as the author of the treatise on the Magians. Pliny could not quote the Berytian Hermippus.

85

Plin. "H. N." 30, 2.

86

"H. N." 37, 49, 55, 58; 26, 9; 27, 35; 28, 19, 27; 29, 38; 21, 36.

87

Philon. Bybl. fragm. 9, ed. Müller.

88

Dio Chrysost, ed. Dind. 2, 60.

89

Pausan. 5, 27, 3.

90

"Anab." 7, 11, 8.

91

E. g. the bas-relief on Mount Behistun in the winged victory, which refers to the battle between Vardanes and Gotarzes, between 40 and 50 A.D. [Cf. Rawlinson, "Sixth Monarchy," p. 389, where a sketch of the relief is given.]

92

Poseidonius in Strabo, p. 515; Justin, 42,1.

93

Herodian, 4, 30.

94

Plut. "Crassus," c. 29; "Anton." c. 47; Joseph. "Antiq." 18, 9, 3; Justin (12, 3), and Horace ("Ep." 1,2, 112), are of another opinion in regard to the latter point.

95

Above, p. 26. Arrian, "Parth." 2, ed. Müller; Eunap. p. 222.

96

Al Biruni in Droyson, "Hellenismus," 32, 372.

97

Vologeses I. reigned 50-80 A.D.; Vologeses II. 130-149 A.D.; Vologeses III. and IV. 149-208 A.D.; the son of the fourth, also Vologeses, reigned beside Artabanus IV.

98

Joseph. "Ant." 18, 9, 1; "Bell. Jud." Prooem. 1, 2; Ammian. Marcell. 23, 6.

99

Ammian. Marcell. 17, 5.

100

Nöldeke, "Tabari." s. 437.

101

De Sacy, "Memoires de l'institut Cl. Hist." 2, 162-242. [Rawlinson, "Seventh Monarchy," p. 70, 606.]

102

Rawlinson, loc. cit. p. 602, 607, 92 ff.

103

Agathias, 2, 26.

104

Sozomen, "H. Eccl." 2, 10, 12.

105

Menandri Protect. fragm. 11, ed. Müller.

106

[Cf. Rawlinson, "Seventh Monarchy," p. 96 ff.]

107

Spiegel, Avesta, 3, 214, 218, 219, 227.

108

Above, p. 17. On the date of these translations, Haug, "Pahlavi-Pazand Glossary," p. 147.

109

Quatreinère, "Journal des Savants," 1840, p. 412.

110

Haug, "Pahlavi-Pazand Glossary," p. 120 ff.; 128 ff. West, "Pahlavi Texts," part 1. Introd. § 2.

111

Lepsius, "Zendalphabet, Abh. B. Akad." 1862, s. 338; Lenormant, "Sur l'alphabet Pehlevi Journ. Asiat. 1er." 6, 6, 180 ff.; Levy, "Beiträge Z. D. M. G.", 21, 459 ff. From Ardeshir down to Narses, i. e. from 226 to 302 A.D., the writing on the coins agrees with the West Pehlevi of the monuments of the Sassanids. From 302 to 600 A.D. the character on the coins is different. From 600 the writing on the coins agrees with the MSS. of the Parsees; Mordtmann, "Z. D. M. G." 8, 12 ff.

112

Lepsius, loc. cit. s. 306.

113

Westergaard, "Avesta," 1, 4 ff.

114

That the author or authors of the Bundehesh, – for the work consists of a collection of fragments of various character, – had before them larger remains of the Avesta, or a commentary which included more than our fragments, may be conceded. The composition of the work cannot be placed before the time of the Arabs, for the whole period of the Sassanid empire is given, and even on an extended scale (p. 82), mention is made of the empire of the Arabs, and Arabian words occur. Cf. Justi, "Bundehesh," p. ix. ff; cf. below, p. 73. [West, "Pahlavi Texts," 1, Introd. p. xci. ff].

115

On the Aramean sketch of the dialectic of Aristotle which was written for Ohoeru, cf. Renan, "Journ. Asiat." 1852, p. 311.

116

[Cf. Rawlinson, loc. cit. 448 ff.; 342 ff.]

117

"Sharastani," by Haarbrücker, 2, 284. The son of Mihr Narses is called Zarvandadh.

118

[Cf. Darmesteter, "Zend-Avesta," Introduct., c. iv. § 40, and c. iii.]

119

Plato. "Alcib. I." p. 122.

120

Diog. Laert. prooem.

121

Plin. "H. N." 80, 2.

122

1, 94.

123

Justin, 1, 1.

124

"Numa," c. 4; "Quaest. Sympos." 4, 1. [The reading Ζωροάστρην is doubtful; cf. Wyttenbach.]

125

Dio Chrys. 2, 60, ed. Dind.

126

Euseb. "Chron." ed. Auch. p. 43; cf. Georg. Syncell. p. 167. Βάτου after Zoroaster

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