The Analogy of Religion to the Constitution and Course of Nature. Butler Joseph
Additional remarks on Punishment.
As men object chiefly to future punishment, it is proper to show further that the course of administration, as to present punishment, is analogous to what religion teaches as to the future.
Indeed they add credibility to it.
And ought to raise the most serious apprehension.
I. Circumstances to be observed touching present punishments.
1. They often follow acts which produce present pleasure or advantage.
2. The sufferings often far exceed the pleasure or advantage.
3. They often follow remotely.
4. After long delay they often come suddenly.
5. As those remote effects are not certainly foreseen, they may not be thought of at the time; or if so, there is a hope of escaping.
6. There are opportunities of advantage, which if neglected do not recur.
7. Though, in some cases, men who have sinned up to a certain point, may retrieve their affairs, yet in many cases, reformation is of no avail.
8. Inconsiderateness is often as disastrous as wilful wrong-doing.
9. As some punishments by civil government, are capital, so are some natural punishments.1.) Seem intended to remove the offender out of the way.2.) Or as an example to others.
II. These things are not accidental, but proceed from fixed laws.
1. They are matters of daily experience.
2. Proceed from the general laws, by which the world is governed.
III. They so closely resemble what religion teaches, as to future punishment, that both might be expressed in the same words.
e.g. Proverbs, ch. i.
The analogy sufficiently answers all objections against the Scripture doctrine of future punishment, such as
1.) That our frailty or temptations annihilate the guilt of vice.
2.) Or the objection from necessity.
3.) Or that the Almighty cannot be contradicted.
4.) Or that he cannot be offended.
REMARKS.
1. Such reflections are terrific, but ought to be stated and considered.
2. Disregard of a hereafter cannot be justified by any thing short of a demonstration of atheism. Even skeptical doctrines afford no justification.
3. There is no pretence of reason for presuming that the licentious will not find it better for them that they had never been born.
CHAPTER III.
MORAL GOVERNMENT OF GOD.
As the structure of the world shows intelligence, so the mode of distributing pleasure and pain, shows government. That is, God’s natural government, such as a king exercises over his subjects.
But this does not, at first sight, determine what is the moral character of such government.
I. What is a moral or righteous government?
1. Not mere rewarding and punishing.
2. But doing this according to character.
3. The perfection of moral government is doing this exactly.
Objec. God is simply and absolutely benevolent.Ans. Benevolence, infinite in degree, would dispose him to produce the greatest possible happiness, regardless of behaviour. This would rob God of other attributes; and should not be asserted unless it can be proved. And whether it can be proved is not the point now in hand.The question is not whether there may not be, in the universe, beings to whom he manifests absolute benevolence, which might not be incompatible with justice; but whether he treats us so.
4. It must be owned to be vastly difficult, in such a disordered world, to estimate with exactness the overplus of happiness on the side of virtue: and there may be exceptions to the rule. But it is far from being doubtful that on the whole, virtue is happier than vice, in this world.
II. The beginnings of a righteous administration, are seen in nature.
1. It has been proved (ch. ii.) that God governs: and it is reasonable to suppose that he would govern righteously.1.) Any other rule of government would be harder to account for.2.) The Bible doctrine that hereafter the good shall be happy, and the wicked miserable, is no more than an expectation that a method of government, now begun, shall be carried on.
2. The opposite consequences of prudence and rashness, show a right constitution of nature; and our ability to foresee and control these consequences, shows that we are under moral law.
3. God has so constructed society that vice, to a great degree, is actually punished by it.1.) Without this, society could not exist.2.) This is God’s government, through society; and is as natural, as society.3.) Since the course of things is God’s appointment, men are unavoidably accountable for their behaviour.
Objec. Society often punishes good actions, and rewards wickedness.Ans. 1. This is not necessary, and consequently not natural.2. Good actions are never punished by society as good, but because considered bad.
4. By the course of nature, virtue is rewarded, and vice punished, as such, which proves a moral government; as will be seen if we rightly distinguish between actions and their qualities.1.) An action may produce present gratification though it be wrong: in which case the gratification is in the act, not the morality of it: in other cases the enjoyment consists wholly in the quality of virtuousness.2.) Vice is naturally attended with uneasiness, apprehension, vexation, remorse, &c.—This is a very different feeling from that produced by mere misfortune.—Men comfort themselves under misfortune, that it was not their own fault.3.) Honest and good men are befriended as such.4.) Injuries are resented as implying fault; and good offices are regarded with gratitude on account of the intention, even when they fail to benefit us.—This is seen in family government, where children are punished for falsehood, fretfulness, &c., though no one is hurt.—And also in civil government, where the absence or presence of ill intention goes far in determining the penalty of wrong-doing.5.) The whole course of the world, in all ages and relations, turns much upon approbation and disapprobation.6.) The very fact of our having a moral nature, is a proof of our being under God’s moral government.—We are placed in a condition which unavoidably operates on our moral nature.—Hence it arises that reward to virtue and reprobation of vice, as such, is a rule, never inverted. If it be thought that there are instances to the contrary, (which is not so,) they are evidently monstrous.—The degree in which virtue and vice receive proper returns, is not the question now, but only the thing itself, in some degree.7.) It is admitted that virtue sometimes suffers, and vice prospers; but this is disorder, and not the order of nature.8.) It follows, that we have in the government of the world, a declaration from God, for virtue and against vice. So far as a man is true to virtue, is he on the side of the divine administration. Such a man must have a sense of security, and a hope of something better.
5. This hope is confirmed by observing that virtue has necessary tendencies beyond their present effects.1.) These are very obvious with regard to individuals.2.)