Institution Building in Weak States. Andrew Radin
the international resource theory is that higher resources can compensate for poor conditions and enable foreign actors to improve state institutions.
ALTERNATIVE THEORY 2: PATH DEPENDENCE
The second alternative theory draws on the literature studying political development absent foreign intervention. Based on the history of Western Europe and more recent modernization and democratization in countries such as South Korea, scholars have observed the specific and rare conditions that give elites incentives to create the inclusive institutions associated with political development. Absent periods of significant change or critical junctures, institutions are durable and likely to persist into the future.94 Although it is hypothetically possible for foreign actors to provide the kind of critical juncture that will enable self-sustaining improvements, the works analyzing the history of political development are generally skeptical of this occurring. Entrenched prior institutions and the difficulty of changing societies from the outside, from this perspective, make it unlikely for foreign actors to achieve a meaningful improvement in state institutions.
The literature identifies several different gradual processes of how political institutions are developed and consolidated. Modernization theory argues that political, economic, and social development (including, e.g., urbanization, education, and civil society) are mutually reinforcing, and finds that economic growth enables the development of democracy and desirable state institutions.95 Charles Tilly, by contrast, claims that strong states in Western Europe emerged due to the imperatives of external military competition. He explains how the leaders of polities needed to gather resources to fight wars and, by gathering revenue through taxation or other means, sometimes inadvertently ended up creating strong state institutions.96 Fukuyama identifies two potential paths for political development: one mirroring the path described by Tilly, which he observes in Prussia, France, and China, and another a process of “peaceful political reform” and social mobilization, which he finds occurred in the United States and Britain in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.97
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