Biopolymers for Biomedical and Biotechnological Applications. Группа авторов

Biopolymers for Biomedical and Biotechnological Applications - Группа авторов


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medium; thus less wastewater is generated at the end of the process. Furthermore, algae cultivation is possible with non‐potable water and using the sunlight, which contributes to a more ecological and economical process [68].

      2.6.1 Polysaccharide‐Producing Microalgae

      Microalgae are a large group of photosynthetic unicellular or multicellular organisms, which includes both prokaryotic (Cyanophyta, i.e. cyanobacteria/blue‐green algae) and eukaryotic organisms, belonging to the phyla Chlorophyta (green algae), Rhodophyta (red algae), Chrysophyta (diatoms), and Pyrrophyta (dinoflagellates). Polysaccharide‐producing microalgae are found in all microalgae phyllo (Table 2.3), and their EPS are characterized by complex chemical structures generally with a high diversity of sugar monomers in the same macromolecule, including rare sugars such as fucose, rhamnose, and ribose, which are known to confer the biopolymers' biological activity [6]. Examples include the EPS secreted by Arthrospira platensis [43], Porphyridium marinum [40], and Rhodella sp. [46]. Fructose was also found in EPS secreted by Dunaliella salina [72]. Of notice is the presence of methyl‐derivate sugars (e.g. Dictyosphaerium chlorelloides) [71] and uronic acids, mainly glucuronic and galacturonic acid [182,184]. As can be seen in Table 2.3, sulfate groups are also found within algal EPS (sEPS), which further contributes to their unique properties [6].

Organism Sugar composition Other Mw (Da) Bioactivity and applications References
Rhodophyta
Porphyridium sp. Xyl, Gal, Glc, GlcA Sulf 2.4 × 105 to 1.8 × 106 Anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, hypocholesterolemic, biolubricant
Porphyridium purpureum Gal, Xyl, Glc, GlcA, Fuc Sulf n.a. Antiviral, antimicrosporidian activity [42,43]
Porphyridium cruentum Gal, Glc, Ara, Man, Fuc, Xyl, Rha Protein, sulf, UA n.a. Antibacterial, antiviral, antiglycemic [44,45]
Rhodella sp. Xyl, Gal, Glc, Rha, Ara, GlcA Sulf n.a. n.a. [46]
Rhodella maculate Gal, Xyl, GlcA, Rha, Ara, Glc Protein, sulf n.a. n.a. [43]
Rhodella reticulata n.a. n.a. n.a. Antioxidant [47]
Rhodella violacea Gal, Xyl, Glc, GlcA, Rha, Ara Protein, sulf n.a. n.a. [43]
Pyrrophyta (dinoflagellates)
Cochlodinium polykrikoides Man, Gal, Glc UA, sulf n.a. Antiviral [48]
Gymnodinium sp. Gal Sulf, lactic acid 1.3 × 106 Antitumor activity [49,50]
Gyrodinium impudicum Gal Sulf, UA 1.9 × 107 Immunomodulatory and antitumor activity
Cyanophyta (cyanobacteria)
Aphanothece halophytica Glc, Fuc, Man, Ara, GlcA 2.0 × 106 Adjuvant activity, antiviral, anticancer
Anabaena augstmalis Glc, Gal, Man, Xyl, Fuc, Rha, GalN, GlcN, GalA, GlcA Sulf n.a. n.a. [58]
Arthrospira platensis Rha, Gal, Glc, Fuc, Xyl Sulf n.a. Antiviral, antibacterial, antioxidant, anticoagulant, skin repair [42, 59–63]
Microcoleus vaginatus Glc, Gal, Ara, Xyl, Man, Rha, Fuc, GalA, GluA Protein n.a. [64]
Nostoc sp. Glc, Gal, Xyl, Rha, Man, GalA, GlcA Protein
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