Bacterial Pathogenesis. Brenda A. Wilson
href="#ulink_3adad048-a303-5263-b9a8-3b135ab3f619">Views of the Human-Microbe Interaction
Virulence as a Complex Phenomenon
Questions
Solving Problems in Bacterial Pathogenesis
CHAPTER 7 Mechanisms of Genetic Modification and Exchange: Role in Pathogen Evolution
Adapt or Perish
Acquiring New Virulence Traits by Horizontal Gene Transfer
Mechanisms of Genetic Change and Diversification
Spontaneous Mutation
Phase Variation
Antigenic Variation
Horizontal Gene Transfer: Mobile Genetic Elements
Natural Transformation
Conjugation: Plasmids and Transposons
Phage Transduction
Control of Horizontal Gene Transfer
Toxin-Antitoxin Systems—Retaining the Goods
Restriction-Modification Systems—Bacterial Innate Immunity from Foreign DNA
CRISPR-Cas Systems—Bacterial Adaptive Immunity from Foreign DNA
Type 6 Secretion Systems—Bacterial Defense Against Conjugation
Pathogenicity Islands and Pathogen Evolution
Properties of Pathogenicity Islands
Pathogen Evolution in Quantum Leaps
Selected Readings
Questions
Solving Problems in Bacterial Pathogenesis
CHAPTER 8 Identification of Virulence Factors: Measuring Infectivity and Virulence
How Does One Experimentally Measure Virulence and Satisfy Koch’s Postulates?
Animal Models of Infection
Human Volunteers
Nonhuman Animal Models
Measuring Bacterial Infection in Animal Models
Ethical Considerations
Animal Model Basics
Survival Curve Analysis and Biophotonic Imaging
ID50 and LD50 Values
Competition Assays
Tissue Culture and Organ Culture Models
Tissue Culture Models
Gentamicin Protection Assay for Cell Adhesion and Invasion
Plaque Assay for Intracellular Survival and Cell-to-Cell Spread
Fluorescence Microscopy Techniques for Assessing Effects of Pathogens on Host Cells
Organ Culture Models
The Continuing Need for Reliable and Plentiful Information about Disease Pathology
Selected Readings
Questions
Solving Problems in Bacterial Pathogenesis
CHAPTER 9 Identification of Virulence Factors: Molecular Approaches for Bacterial Factors
Finding a Needle in a Haystack
Biochemical Approaches
Isolation and Purification of Toxic Factors
Molecular Genetic Approaches
Screening Using Recombinant Genes
Reporter Fusions
Mutagenesis Screening
Genome-wide Sequencing Approaches for Identifying Virulence Genes
Tn-Seq Technology to Identify In Vivo-Expressed Genes
RNA-Seq Technology to Identify In Vivo-Expressed Genes
Comparative Genomic Sequence Analysis for Identifying Virulence Genes
Proteomics Approaches for Identifying Virulence Factors
Protein Microarrays (Proteoarrays)
In Vivo-Induced Antigen Technology (IVIAT)
The Importance of Understanding Bacterial Physiology
Selected Readings
Questions
Solving Problems in Bacterial Pathogenesis
CHAPTER 10 Identification of Virulence Factors: Molecular Approaches for Host Factors
Comparative Approaches to Identify Host Factors Required for Infection
Transgenic Animal Models
In vivo Imaging of Animals during Infection
Systems Genetics: Comparative Genomics of the Host Response
Screening Approaches to Identify Host Factors Required for Infection
Genome-Wide Screening
Host Response Profiling to Identify Host Factors Required for Infection
Transcriptomics
Proteomics
Metabolomics
The Promise and the Caution
Selected Readings
Questions
Solving Problems in Bacterial Pathogenesis
CHAPTER 11 Bacterial Strategies for Colonization and Survival in the Host
What Does Not Kill You Makes You Stronger—Or, a Better Pathogen
Preinfection
Survival in the External Environment
Biofilms
Motility and Chemotaxis
Colonization of Host Surfaces
Penetrating Intact Skin
Penetrating the Mucin Layer
Evading the Host’s Innate Immunity
Nutrient and Iron Acquisition Mechanisms
Adherence
Evading the Host Immune Response
Avoiding Complement and Phagocytosis