Child Development From Infancy to Adolescence. Laura E. Levine
his parents and another child are seated on a sofa in the background, ignoring him. The caption reads Extinction, ignoring temper tantrums leads to a decrease in their occurrence.
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A series of twelve photographs showing Albert Bandura's experiment on social learning theory.
The first row of four photographs show a woman and an inflated doll. In the first frame, the woman is sitting on her haunches and the doll is on the floor, in front of her. In the second frame, she is throwing the doll up in the air. In the third frame, she is hitting the doll with an object. In the last frame on the first row, the woman is kicking the doll away from her. The doll is seen flying through the air, across the room.
The second and third rows show two young children, a boy and a girl, each with an inflated doll. In the first frame the young boy and girl mimic the first frame showing the woman. They are both sitting on their haunches with the inflated doll in front on them on the floor. In the second frame, both children are throwing the doll away from them. In the third frame, both children are hitting the doll with a toy hammer and in the last frame, both children are seen kicking the doll to the ground.
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A neural network model of memory illustrating the way information is processed by the mind. In this illustration, the concept of Obesity is shown to be associated with several nodes and links by the mind. Each of these links are tabulated below under the respective node that the concept of Obesity is associated with in this illustration.
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This is an illustration of Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems model. The child at the center, develops within a nested set of influences divided into five systems as illustrated in this diagram by concentric circles around the child. These five systems each contain the following influences.
Microsystem
Family, Doctor’s office, Child care center and School.
Mesosystem
Church or Synagogue, Neighborhood play area and Extended family.
Exosystem
Friends of family, Mass media, Workplace, Parents, social services and health care, School board, Government agencies and Neighbors.
Macrosystem
Attitudes, customs, ideology of the culture.
Each of these circles show arrows between each set of influences showing that they all overlap as well as between the exosystem and the macrosystem.
The Chronosystem is represented as an arrow below the illustration that points from left to right with the word Time above it. The caption to the Chronosystem reads Environmental changes and transitions over the lifespan.
The caption below the illustration reads, Think of the various systems in the ecological systems model as a set of nested environments, but with interactions both within a level and across levels. All of these interconnected systems change as a function of time, as represented by the chronosystem.
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This illustration shows how the senses and action interact. The image on the left shows a pitcher of water with the handle on the left and the spout on the right. The image on the right shows a pitcher of water with the handle on the right and spout on the left. Both images have two buttons below them named No and Yes on the left and right respectively.
The caption below the images reads, people answer the question Is this a pitcher?, by pressing a button more quickly when the button for yes, is on the same side as the pitcher’s handle, whether the handle is on the left or the right. Why do you think this would happen? how does anticipated action affect our perception of objects we see?
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The images show the MRI images of the brain when a person thinks about an activity and actually does that activity.
The images on the left shows a panel of 15 images of the brain in five rows of three images a row, with various parts of the brain lit up in each MRI image.
The caption below the images reads, MRIs and fMRIs. The MRI image (left) shows pictures of successive sections through the brain from the back to the front. The fMRI image (right) shows where the blood is flowing through the brain when the person thinks about an activity and actually does that activity.
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The images show 3D fMRI images of the brain when a person thinks about an activity and actually does that activity.
The image on the right shows four 3D images of the brain at various angles, with different parts highlighted in a bright color showing blood flow through the brain at different points.
The caption below the images reads, MRIs and fMRIs. The MRI image (left) shows pictures of successive sections through the brain from the back to the front. The fMRI image (right) shows where the blood is flowing through the brain when the person thinks about an activity and actually does that activity.
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Four scatter plots showing examples of strong and weak, positive and negative correlations.
The first graph shows data points in a close cluster along a line that runs diagonally upward from left to right starting at zero, above the x axis. This graph shows an example of a strong positive correlation.
The second graph shows data points in a close cluster along a line that runs diagonally downward from left to right starting at zero, below the x axis. This graph shows an example of a strong negative correlation.
The third graph shows data points in a dispersed cluster along a line that runs diagonally upward from left to right starting at zero. This graph shows an example of a weak positive correlation. Some points are seen below the x axis and to the left of the y axis as well.
The fourth graph shows data points in a dispersed cluster along a line that runs diagonally downward from left to right starting at zero. This graph shows an example of a weak negative correlation. Some points are seen above the x axis and to the left of the y axis as well.
3 Nature Through Nurture: Genes and Environment
Fertnig via Getty Images
Test Your Knowledge
Test your knowledge of child development by deciding whether each of the following statements is true or false, and then check your answers as you read the chapter.
1 T□ F□ When a child is conceived, the mother’s genetic material determines the gender of the child.
2 T□ F□ Each human being has hundreds of thousands of genes that make him or her a unique individual.
3 T□ F□ Two parents with brown eyes can still have a child with blue eyes.
4 T□ F□ Every gene in your body has one specific function.
5 T□ F□ Males are more likely to have a genetic disorder than females.
6 T□ F□ Doctors are now able to treat many genetic disorders with gene therapy that involves changing the defective genes.
7 T□ F□ Mike is a talented pianist. Because both of his parents are musicians, genes must have determined that Mike would also have musical talent.
8 T□ F□ Genetic inheritance plays a role in the development of almost all behaviors that have been studied.
9 T□ F□ Identical twins reared apart are more similar on many personality characteristics