Child Development From Infancy to Adolescence. Laura E. Levine
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Descriptions of Images and Figures
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The germinal stage is illustrated in this diagram. The table below describes the illustration at each stage.
The caption below the image reads, in the week following the fertilization of the ovum, the newly formed zygote travels down the fallopian tube, and the developing blastocyst implants in the lining of the uterus.
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A color illustration of a magnified blastocyst is seen here. In the background, an egg being fertilized by a sperm is seen. A zygote with many cells enclosed in a transparent sac is seen in front. A blastocyst with many cells enclosed in a clear sack with a row of cells forming a barrier on the inner wall is seen.
In the foreground, a blastocyst is seen with a clearly defined inner cell mass in a transparent sac and the layer of inner cells that form a barrier called the trophoblast is also seen.
The caption below the image reads, As the zygote replicates and divides, a solid ball of cells forms. The cells fold over themselves and form a hollow ball of cells called the blastocyst, which contains the inner cell mass (which becomes the embryo) and an outer ring of cells called the trophoblast (which becomes the support system for the pregnancy).
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The differentiation of the inner cell mass is illustrated here. The inner Endoderm is surrounded by the Mesoderm, and an Ectoderm on top. A darker bean-shaped center is seen on the top part of the Endoderm. A small circle is seen on top of the bean-shaped center in the Mesoderm. This circle is connected to the Ectoderm by a triangle-shaped structure without the top. There is a dip in the Ectoderm at this point.
Each layer develops into different parts of the body and are listed below.
Ectoderm develops into skin, sense, organs, brain, and spinal cord.
Mesoderm develops into muscles, blood, bones, and circulatory system.
Endoderm develops into respiratory, system, digestive system, liver, and pancreas.
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An illustration of a baby in utero as well as a magnified part of the placenta is shown. The image on the left shows a cross section of a baby in vitro. The baby is seen encased in the Amnion, filled with Amniotic fluid. It is attached to the Amnion through the umbilical cord. A Yolk sac is also seen outside the Amnion but inside the Chorion, The umbilical cord connects all the layers and is seen attached to the placenta through branch-like protrusions called Chorionic villi. The placenta that carries the baby is in the uterus of the mother.
A magnified part of where the umbilical cord connects to the placenta is seen on the right. The Chorion contain the umbilical vein and artery that branch out into the placenta as Chorionic villi. The placenta wall contain uterine arteries and veins. Maternal blood supply is seen in the intervillus space.
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The main embryonic period is the time period between weeks 3 and 8. The fetal period is between weeks 9 and 38. Weeks 1 and 2 are the period of dividing zygote, implantation, and bilaminar embryo. While the zygote is not susceptible to teratogenesis in this period, death of embryo and spontaneous abortion are common in this period.
Major congenital anomalies can occur between weeks 3 and 9 and functional defects and minor anomalies can occur from week 9 to 38.
The caption below the figure reads, This figure shows parts of the body that are most vulnerable to the effects of teratogens at specific times throughout the pregnancy. Note the increased vulnerability of all systems early in the pregnancy.
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An illustration showing the effects of prenatal drug exposure. The image shows a baby in a circle with various drugs and their effects listed around the image. The drugs and their effects are listed below.
Opiates cause,
Neonatal abstinence syndrome.
Preterm birth and obstetric complications.
Attenuated myelination in infants.
Respiratory insufficiency.
Heart defects.
Reduced growth.
Deficits in cognitive and motor ability.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Lower IQ.
Behavioral problems.
Cannabinoids cause,
Decreased growth.
Deficits in attention.
Increased impulsivity.
Long-term deficits in executive function.
Depression diagnosis.
Future substance use.
Caffeine causes,
Increased risk of growth restriction and prematurity (at high levels).
Possible decrease in executive function at school age.
Psychostimulants cause,
Preterm labor.
Short- and long-term growth deficits.
Cardiac and cardiovascular anomalies.
Cranial and brain abnormalities.
Behavior problems.
Emotional and social effects.
Deficits in attention, memory and motivation.
Anxious/depressed behaviors and symptoms.
Aggression and delinquent behavior.
Alcohol causes,
Prematurity and spontaneous abortion.
Limb and facial development.
Reduced growth.
Cognitive delays and impairments.
Reduced brain volumes.
Abnormalities in the corpus callosum.
Deficits in attention, memory, verbal fluency, executive functioning, reaction times, and motor learning.
Tobacco causes,
Decreased birthweight.
Altered response to stimuli.
Poorer academic achievement.
Poorer cognition.
Attention deficits and hyperactivity.
Adolescent aggression.
Oppositional defiance issues.
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This illustration shows three stages of labor.
In stage one titled Dilation, the baby in the womb is seen with its head at the cervix with a ruptured amniotic sack. The baby has its arms