Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics of Heterogeneous Systems. Signe Kjelstrup
to know how one should properly integrate across heterogeneous systems where different phases are in contact. Transports perpendicular to planar interfaces are treated.
Our inspiration
Waldmann [4] was the first to point out that an analysis of boundary conditions should be incorporated in the framework of non-equilibrium thermodynamics. However, he did not include excess densities to describe the properties of the surface. In the 1970s and 1980s, Bedeaux, Albano and Mazur [5–7] extended his work and laid the theoretical foundation for the description of non-equilibrium processes, including a full description of the thermodynamic properties of the surface. The work of Bedeaux, Albano and Mazur addressed not only transports into and through a surface, but also transports along surfaces as well as the motion of the surface itself. Their methods were inspired by concurrent work on optical properties of surfaces by Bedeaux and Vlieger [8, 9], using generalized functions for the description of surface properties. This work takes advantage of these methodologies.
Readership
The purpose of this book is to encourage the use of non-equilibrium thermodynamics to describe transport in complex, heterogeneous media. The book is written for a graduate-level course for physicists, physical chemists, chemical or mechanical engineers. The book requires knowledge of basic thermodynamics corresponding to that given by Atkins, Physical Chemistry, Oxford, or Moran and Shapiro, Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, Wiley.
Acknowledgments for the first edition
A course on non-equilibrium thermodynamics has been taught at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology for many years. We are grateful to the graduate students who worked with us on related subjects and commented on preliminary versions of the text. In alphabetical order, we like to mention Odne Stokke Burheim, Belinda Flem, Andreas Grimstvedt, Kirill Glavatskiy, Ellen Marie Hansen, Torleif Holt, Isabella Inzoli, Eivind Johannessen, Einar Eng Johnsen, Gelein de Koeijer, Lars Nummedal, Anne-Kristine Meland, Steffen Møller-Holst, Magnar Ottøy, Audun Røsjorde, Erik Sauar, Kristin Syverud, Preben Joakim Svela Vie, Jing Xu and Anita Zvolinschi. Discussions and collaborations with collegues Bjørn Hafskjold, Jeanmarc Simon and Fernando Bresme are appreciated.
During our peaceful and inspiring stay in Kyoto University in 2000, a large step forward was made. We are grateful to our host Professor Yasuhiko Ito, and coworkers, Professors. Yoichi Tomii, Yasuhiro Fukunaka, Drs. Toshiyuki Nohira and Koji Amezawa. The next large step was made in beautiful Barcelona in 2004, with our considerate host, Professor Miguel Rubi of University of Barcelona.
We thank the Research Council of Norway for financial support over many years. Marian Palcut contributed the cover figure, while Tharald Tharaldsen, Jaques van der Ploeg and Michel Uiterwijk contributed many figures.
| May 2007 | Signe Kjelstrup∗ and Dick Bedeaux |
∗The author changed her name from Ratkje to Kjelstrup in 1996.
Contents
1.1What is non-equilibrium thermodynamics?
1.2Non-equilibrium thermodynamics in the context of other theories
2Why non-equilibrium thermodynamics?
2.2Flux equations with coupling terms
2.3Experimental designs and controls
2.4Entropy production, work and lost work
2.5Consistent thermodynamic models
3Thermodynamic relations for heterogeneous systems
3.1Two homogeneous phases separated by a surface in global equilibrium
3.2The contact line in global equilibrium
3.3Defining thermodynamic variables for the surface
3.4Local thermodynamic identities
3.AAppendix: Partial molar properties
4The entropy production for a homogeneous phase
4.2.1Why one should not use the dissipation function
4.2.2States with minimum entropy production
4.4Frames of reference for fluxes in homogeneous systems
4.4.1Definitions of frames of reference
4.4.2Transformations between the frames of reference