Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics of Heterogeneous Systems. Signe Kjelstrup
18.5Thermal osmosis
19Modeling the polymer electrolyte fuel cell
19.1The potential work of a fuel cell
19.2The cell and its five subsystems
19.3The electrode backing and the membrane
19.3.1The entropy production in the homogeneous phases
19.4.1The anode catalyst surface
19.4.2The cathode catalyst surface
19.5A model in agreement with the second law
20Measuring membrane transport properties
20.1The membrane in equilibrium with electrolyte solutions
20.4The transference number of water and the water permeability
20.6Interdiffusion coefficients
21The impedance of an electrode surface
21.1The hydrogen electrode: Mass balances
21.4The electrode surface impedance
21.4.1The adsorption–diffusion layer in front of the catalyst
21.4.2The charge transfer reaction
21.6The reaction over potential
22Non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations
22.1.1The interaction potential
22.3Verifying the assumption of local equilibrium
22.3.1Local equilibrium in a homogeneous binary mixture
22.3.2Local equilibrium in a gas–liquid interface
22.4Verifications of the Onsager relations
22.4.1A homogeneous binary mixture
22.5Linearity of the flux–force relations
23The non-equilibrium two-phase van der Waals model
23.1Van der Waals equation of states
23.2Van der Waals square gradient model for the interfacial region
23.6A numerical solution method
23.7Procedure for extrapolation of bulk densities and fluxes