Encyclopedia of Glass Science, Technology, History, and Culture. Группа авторов
5 A feldspar knot with about 20 wt % Al2O3, enclosing bubbles (gas in...Figure 6 A sub‐mm‐sized silicon bead surrounded by H2‐rich gas inclusions in...Figure 7 Increases of iron contamination caused by grinding of quartz made w...
5 Chapter 1.3Figure 1 Absorption bands of Fe2+, Fe3+, and Cr3+ in a glass melt, and radia...Figure 2 Convection cells (vortices) in the melting tank of a glass furnace ...Figure 3 Liquidus temperatures and viscosities (dPa·s) of primary melts form...Figure 4 Early stages of batch melting, manually sketched after the scanning...Figure 5 Schematic view of a dissolving sand grain; the grain is surrounded ...Figure 6 Grain‐size distributions of two different glass‐grade sand qualitie...Figure 7 Dissolution turnover of the two sands of Figure 6 as a function of ...Figure 8 Rising velocity vSLIP of bubble swarms in a melt at a viscosity of ...
6 Chapter 1.4Figure 1 Very large glass cylinders blown mechanically with the Lubbers proc...Figure 2 Sketch of Fourcault process in cross section. The molten glass flow...Figure 3 Sketch of Colburn process in a bird's‐eye perspective. The molten g...Figure 4 Sketch of the Pittsburg Pennvernon process in cross section. The mo...Figure 5 Sketch of the Asahi process in cross section. The rotatable Asahi b...Figure 6 Sketch of single‐pass wire roll out process (upper part insertion p...Figure 7 Overview of a float‐glass plant (scale not right: size of the right...Figure 8 Equilibrium thickness of floating glass on the molten tin when the ...Figure 9 Sketch of the tin bath part of the float process: (a) on vertical p...Figure 10 Sketch of the float process: (a) for sheets thinner than the equil...Figure 11 Shape and thickness distribution of a 2 mm thick float‐glass ribbo...Figure 12 Simulated thickness distribution at the exit of the bath for 2 mm ...Figure 13 The complex interactions of impurities with the atmosphere, tin ba...Figure 14 Sketch of slot downdraw process in cross section. The molten glass...Figure 15 Sketch of fusion downdraw process in a bird's‐eye perspective. Mol...
7 Chapter 1.5Figure 1 Schematic overview of one section of an Individual‐section machine ...Figure 2 Temperature gradients and interface temperature between contact‐mat...Figure 3 (a–d) Blow & blow process, blank‐side.Figure 4 (a–d) Forming of the final container at the blow‐side (same for all...Figure 5 (a–d) Press & blow process, blank‐side.Figure 6 (a–d) Narrow‐neck press & blow process, blank‐side.Figure 7 Cross section of a modern feeder (double‐gob setup).Figure 8 Performance increase of IS forming machines over the years in conta...Figure 9 A modern pneumatic‐controlled 12‐section double‐gob individual‐sect...Figure 10 Parison just before blow‐mold closing and final container on the b...
8 Chapter 1.6Figure 1 History of commercial continuous fiberglass development (most activ...Figure 2 Schematic illustrations of continuous fiberglass manufacturing proc...Figure 3 Differential scanning calorimetry output of E‐glass batches with an...Figure 4 Viscosity curves of E‐glass, E‐CR‐glass, AR‐glass, D‐glass (derivat...Figure 5 Global GRP composite market shares in America, EMEA, and Asia Pacif...Figure 6 Improvement in fiber properties through compositional changes. (a) ...
9 Chapter 1.7Figure 1 Examples of burner block geometry. (a) Accurate representation with...Figure 2 Example of a screen with small‐scale features requiring a high mesh...Figure 3 Deformed finite element mesh during a simulation of the drawing of ...Figure 4 Fiber radius attenuation: comparison of numerical and experimental ...Figure 5 Sketch of a glass melting furnace for the production of reinforceme...Figure 6 3‐D rendering of temperature contours within a glass furnace heated...Figure 7 Combustion zone of a fiber glass melting furnace. (a) Photo of oxy‐...Figure 8 Results of particle tracking post‐processing: (a) calculated distri...Figure 9 Pathways of sand particles dissolving in glass.Figure 10 Central role of simulation data management in sharing of informati...
10 Section IIFigure 1 The atomic disorder of the glass structure (left) giving way to cry...
11 Chapter 2.1Figure 1 Two‐dimensional representation of a crystal structure for a composi...Figure 2 Two‐dimensional representation of a random network for a compositio...Figure 3 Connection of two corner‐sharing SiO4/2 tetrahedra by a bridging ox...Figure 4 Ball‐and‐stick model