Encyclopedia of Glass Science, Technology, History, and Culture. Группа авторов
...Figure 7 Vibrational entropy of SiO2 and GeO2 glasses and polymorphs against...Figure 8 Vibrational entropy of crystals (open squares) and glasses (solid c...Figure 9 Influence of the coordination state of aluminum on the partial mola...Figure 10 Calorimetric boson peak of SiO2 glass and polymorphs. Data sources...Figure 11 Calorimetric boson peak of SiO2 (S) and alkali silicate glasses....Figure 12 First peak of the vibrational density of states of alkali silicate...Figure 13 Universal representation of the calorimetric boson peak with the r...Figure 14 The highly contrasting changes in the heat capacities of some sili...Figure 15 Mean heat capacity, Cm = (HT − H273)/(T − 273), of some aluminosil...Figure 16 Calorimetric determination of the residual and configurational ent...Figure 17 Comparison between residual entropies derived from calorimetric an...Figure 18 Enthalpies of solution of aluminosilicate glasses along binary joi...
27 Chapter 3.7Figure 1 Prestressing/toughening of a glass plate.Figure 2 Imaginary separation of glass into two thermal reservoirs containin...Figure 3 Single exponential exp(−t/τ) versus stretched exponential exp(...Figure 4 Density measurements of Hara and Suetoshi on soda‐lime‐glass during...Figure 5 Typical DSC of an “optically” (i.e. slowly) cooled BK7 sample. Heat...Figure 6 (a–h) Subsequent adjustment of the TNM(MRS) model parameters τFigure 7 Comparison of a thermal shrinkage experiment on BK7 (solid line) wi...Figure 8 Maxwell model for viscoelasticity: spring in series with a dashpot ...Figure 9 Voigt model for viscoelasticity: spring in parallel to a dashpot. zFigure 10 Definition of shear angle ε.Figure 11 Typical time‐dependent response of glass to constant shear stress....Figure 12 Burger model.Figure 13 Single exponential function exp(−t/τ) versus Kohlrausch(–Will...Figure 14 Oscillating shear.Figure 15 Three‐point‐bending.Figure 16 Asymmetric four‐point‐bending.Figure 17 DMA on Borofloat33 in the asymmetric four‐point‐bending mode (a = ...Figure 18 Deformation under pressure.Figure 19 Series of a Voigt model and a spring.
28 Chapter 3.8Figure 1 Excess enthalpy of a stone wool as given by the difference between ...Figure 2 Determination of the fictive temperature Tf of the HQ stone wool wi...Figure 3 Effect of the annealing temperature (Ta) on the enthalpy relaxation...Figure 4 Effect of the annealing time (ta) on the enthalpy relaxation of sto...Figure 5 Isobaric heat capacity (Cp) as a function of temperature (T) showin...Figure 6 Effect of the annealing temperature (Ta) on the ΔCp curves. (a) HQ ...Figure 7 Effect of the annealing time ta on the ΔCp curve. (a) HQ CaP2O6 (fr...Figure 8 Influence of structural disorder on the Z(ω) function regarded...Figure 9 Effect of the temperature (Ta) of one‐hour annealing on enthalpy re...Figure 10 Non‐monotonic evolution of the structure factor S(Q) of HQ Cu46Zr4...
29 Chapter 3.9Figure 1 Schematic relationships between melting curve maxima, liquid–liquid...Figure 2 Schematic depiction of a configurational energy landscape along a o...Figure 3.9.3 Polyamorphism in a‐Si upon compression and decompression. (a) A...Figure 4 Evidence for polyamorphism in Y2O3–Al2O3 glasses. Optical microscop...
30 Chapter 3.10Figure 1 Two schematic representations of pressure‐induced amorphization. (a...Figure 2 Phase diagram of Cu oxides in stable and metastable regions. At amb...Figure 3 Evidence for pressure‐induced amorphization in nanoporous crystalli...Figure 4 Two scenarios for understanding pressure effects within a configura...
31 Chapter 3.11Figure 1 Schematic cross‐sectional diagrams of indentation. (a) Vicker's, in...Figure 2 Stress components acting on a small element of a body.Figure 3 Schematic plot showing the relationship between Poisson's ratio and...Figure 4 Effect of temperature on elastic moduli. (a) Young's and (b) shear ...Figure 5 Contrast between Vicker’s indentations on “normal” and “anomalous” ...Figure 6 The smooth curved surfaces associated with conchoidal fracture and ...Figure 7 Schematic diagram of a through‐edge crack.Figure 8 Example of a Weibull plot, where σ is the measured strength an...Figure 9 Schematic diagram of subcritical crack growth rate versus applied s...Figure 10 Thermally tempered glass. (a) Parabolic thermal tempering stress d...
32 Chapter 3.12Figure 1 General mechanism of residual surface compression increasing the fr...Figure 2 Flame polishing of the rim of stemware in a glass production facili...Figure 3 Contrast between the cracked edge of a 4‐mm thick mechanically scri...Figure 4 Schematic stress profiles of fully thermally strengthened (safety g...Figure 5 Process scheme of the thermal strengthening process (AT = ambient t...Figure 6 Calculated residual surface and central stresses as a function of t...Figure 7 Residual stress profile for a given thickness as a function of cool...Figure 8 A plot of the number of fragments per square centimeter as a functi...Figure 9 Typical “butterfly” fracture pattern (to the left) with the origin ...Figure 10 Schematic ion‐exchange process Figure 11 Principal stress profile for a chemically strengthened aluminosili...
33 Chapter 3.13Figure 1 Bombardment damage in a Norwegian Gneiss by α rays emitted by ...Figure 2 Irradiation defects in silica glass (from [4, 5]). (a) Main intrins...Figure 3 Radiation‐induced mechanisms in silica‐based materials upon exposur...Figure 4 Main intrinsic and extrinsic parameters defining the levels and kin...Figure 5 Compaction of silica glass induced by neutron irradiation [22].Figure 6 Radiation‐induced attenuation in three samples of a fluorophosphate...Figure 7 Effects of the radiation dose and Yb clusters on the 2F5/2 lifetime...
34 Chapter 3.14Figure 1 First‐order transformation of hexagonal ice into the high‐density a...Figure 2 Low‐temperature heat capacity of H2O phases measured upon heating: ...Figure 3 Heat capacity of confined water measured upon heating after elimina...Figure 4 The two glass transitions of amorphous water in calorimetric measur...Figure 5 Heat capacity around the onset of ice crystallization near 235 K [1...Figure 6 Isothermal volume relaxation over 3 hour durations during the trans...Figure 7 Volume changes as a function of pressure and temperature for the tr...Figure 8 Structural similarities of the low‐ and high‐density amorphous ices...Figure 9 Effect of the compression rate on pressure–density curves for isoth...Figure 10 Enthalpy coefficients of supercooled water below Tg. Line 1: relax...Figure 11 Enthalpy coefficients vs. pressure (P) and sharp enthalpy coeffici...Figure 12 Enthalpy coefficients εls, εgs, and Δεlg of liquid ...Figure 13 Phase diagram of supercooled water and strong liquids under pressu...Figure 14 Diagram P,T of first‐order transitions in supercooled water. Tsg :Figure 15 Reduced glass transition temperatures θg vs. εgs0 (cf. T...
35 Section IVFigure 1 A time immemorial illustration of the slowing‐down effects of visco...
36 Chapter 4.1Figure 1 Flow of Newtonian and non‐Newtonian liquids as characterized by str...Figure 2 Viscosity–temperature range of industrial processes (boxes) and fix...Figure 3 The three viscosity regimes of soda‐lime‐silica melts of similar co...Figure 4 The hard and soft character of a variety of glass‐forming liquids a...Figure 5 Adam–Gibbs (AG) linear representation of the temperature dependence...Figure 6 From strong to fragile liquids: fragility (m) and Tg/T‐scaled repre...Figure 7 From short to long glasses: the poor or good isokomal workability o...Figure 8 Master curve for the Stage II viscosity regime (Tliq > T > Tg) in p...Figure 9 The markedly differing effects of additions of Na2O to SiO2 on the Figure 10 Effects of Na2O content and induced changes in boron speciation on...Figure 11 Influence of the charge‐to‐distance ratio z/RM–O on the visc...Figure 12 Influence of the Al/(Na + Al) ratio and associated change in alumi...Figure 13 Strongly depressing effects of water content on the viscosity of h...Figure 14 Increasingly slow viscosity relaxation with decreasing temperature...Figure 15 Dependence of the normalized apparent viscosity ηapp/η0 ...Figure 16 From brittle fracture to shear thinning: dependence of viscosity o...Figure 17 Contrasting effects of the volume fractions of rigid solid inclusi...
37 Chapter 4.2Figure 1 Contrast between the Arrhenian and non‐Arrhenian