Encyclopedia of Glass Science, Technology, History, and Culture. Группа авторов
temperature–time steps of the “transferred drop” variant...Figure 3 Scale of formal potential (Ef) at 1050 °C of the main redox couples...Figure 4 Chromium solubility (at %) and residual sulfur content (wt %) in a ...Figure 5 Pathway for the formation of layers at the metal/molten glass inter...Figure 6 Sketch of a working electrode for corrosion characterization of met...Figure 7 Effects of tellurium reduction on platinum stability in argon atmos...Figure 8 Passivation plateau of chromium seen in anode polarization measurem...Figure 9 Anodic polarization curves of Co‐based alloy in borosilicate glass ...
53 Chapter 5.11Figure 1 Cation exchange described by reaction (1) at the surface of a soda‐...Figure 2 Diffusion‐controlled nature of the alteration reaction (1) demonstr...Figure 3 The very strong sensitivity to pH of the solubility of silica glass...Figure 4 Effect of solution renewal on the dissolution kinetics of a soda‐li...Figure 5 Average number of layers of molecular water on the surface of vario...Figure 6 Effect of rinsing on the inner surface of a soda–lime bottle after ...Figure 7 Optical micrography of large CaCO3 crystal present on the inner sid...
54 Chapter 5.12Figure 1 Cross‐sectional diagrams of early models of an altered glass layer....Figure 2 The distinct chemistry and structure of the three layers of the lea...Figure 3 The interdiffusion zone, gel, and surficial crystalline phases of t...Figure 4 Chemical profiles of pristine glass–hydrated glass interface obtain...Figure 5 Hybrid leached‐layer preferential dissolution model [6] illustrated...Figure 6 Glass corrosion by CIDR. (a) Initial stage: congruent glass dissolu...Figure 7 Corrosion of SON68 borosilicate glass altered at 50 °C in water for...Figure 8 Chemical evolution of SON68 borosilicate glass after one month of c...Figure 9 Complex chemical patterns and prevalent μm‐sized porosity of silica...Figure 10 Aqueous elemental release curves as a function of time measured du...
55 Section VIFigure 1 Coloration in a thirteenth‐century stained glass of Chartres cathed...
56 Chapter 6.1Figure 1 Reflection and refraction of a light hitting a glass surface from t...Figure 2 Light reflected by a glass surface.Figure 3 Light passing through interfaces where the index of refraction is c...Figure 4 Index of refraction of SiO2 glass (Corning code 7940) from the ultr...Figure 5 Abbe diagram for inorganic glasses and organic polymers. WG, soda‐l...Figure 6 External refraction and total internal reflection in glass. (a) Ref...Figure 7 Relationship between absorption peak and refractive index.Figure 8 Absorption spectrum of window glass.Figure 9 Effect of composition on room‐temperature refractive indices at 589...Figure 10 Refraction of a light beam coming from the left and traveling para...
57 Chapter 6.2Figure 1 French stained glass from the thirteenth century (cf. Figure VI). (...Figure 2 Glass coloration as examined from the standpoints of absorption and...Figure 3 Successive splittings of d‐orbitals of transition elements in diffe...Figure 4 Influence of the electronic configuration on the optical absorption...Figure 5 Optical spectra and structural models explaining the color of purpl...Figure 6 Effect of nickel coordination on the absorbance spectra (derived fr...Figure 7 Molar extinction coefficients of Cr3+ in K‐, Na‐, and Li‐trisilicat...Figure 8 Influence of the nature of the alkali cation on the intensity but n...Figure 9 Variation of Cr3+ crystal‐field splitting, represented as the cryst...Figure 10 Linear absorbance spectra of Cr3+ and (CrO4)2− in soda‐lime‐...Figure 11 Green Cr‐containing glasses turning yellow at ca. 500 °C, a direct...Figure 12 Modification of the optical absorption spectrum of Cr3+ in a potas...Figure 13 Coloration arising from charge transfer processes. (a) Dark color ...Figure 14 Transmittance curves for the crown glass used for Photogray Extra®...
58 Chapter 6.3Figure 1 Photoluminescent glasses involving, from left to right, doping with...Figure 2 Electronic transitions in sodium. (a) Electronic configuration of a...Figure 3 Elastic and inelastic scattering of red (top) and green (bottom) la...Figure 4 Spectral characteristics of photoluminescence from Eu3+‐doped glass...Figure 5 Different schemes of photoluminescence: (a) downconversion in a thr...Figure 6 Sensitization through co‐doping: an efficient absorption in a certa...Figure 7 Excited state configuration of various trivalent rare earth ions. T...Figure 8 Photoluminescence from Cr3+ in a phosphate glass matrix (simplified...Figure 9 Simplified representation of the electronic states in some opticall...
59 Chapter 6.4Figure 1 Colladon's experiment with flowing water as a waveguide [1].Figure 2 Dispersion curves for silica (top) and for selected MOF/PCF fibers ...Figure 3 “V‐curves” of theoretical attenuation as a function of wavelength f...Figure 4 (a) Total internal reflection, single/multi/and GI fiber designs, (...Figure 5 Sketch of the chemical vapor deposition process (a) modified chemic...Figure 6 Sketch of the fiber‐draw process.
60 Chapter 6.5Figure 1 Influence of atomic weight and bond strength on the infrared transp...Figure 2 Shift to lower wavelengths and intensity increase with temperature ...Figure 3 Structure of ZrF4 glass reticulated by ZrF7 or ZrF8 polyhedral unit...Figure 4 Comparison between the infrared transparencies of silica and fluori...Figure 5 Production of a single‐mode preform (C) from two Se–Te vitreous all...Figure 6 Optical configuration of a single‐mode fluoride fiber used for lase...Figure 7 Laser emission of rare earth‐doped fibers. (a) Comparison between t...Figure 8 Structure of chalcogenide glasses as determined by solid‐state NMR....Figure 9 High‐precision molding of chalcogenide glasses as lenses ready to b...Figure 10 Ceramization of chalcogenide glass disks in which the controlled s...Figure 11 The outstanding optical properties a TAS (Te–As–Se) glass fiber in...Figure 12 Fiber evanescent‐wave spectroscopy (FEWS). (a) Absorption of the e...
61 Chapter 6.6Figure 1 Effect of the nature of the alkali halide added on the emission spe...Figure 2 Effect of the CsBr fraction x on the emission spectra of Tm3+ in (1...Figure 3 Effect of the Ho3+ concentration on the emission spectrum of doped ...Figure 4 Dependence of multiphonon relaxation rates at room temperature on e...Figure 5 Temperature dependence of multiphonon relaxation rates in Dy3+ [6]....Figure 6 Radial distribution functions of Tm3+ ions determined from EXAFS re...Figure 7 Emission spectra of Dy3+ in Ge–Ga–Sb–Se glasses for the concentrati...Figure 8 Effect of 0.1 mol % codoping on the emission spectra of Dy3+‐bearin...Figure 9 Emission measurements on a Ge–Ga–Sb–Se fiber doped with 0.02 mol % ...Figure 10 Emission spectra of Pr3+ singly doped Ge–Ga–Sb–Se glasses. (a) Eff...Figure 11 Effect of codoping on the emission spectra of selenide glasses dop...Figure 12 Influence of the pumping wavelength on the fluorescence emission s...Figure 13 The physics of a semiconducting quantum dot. (a) Zero‐dimensional ...Figure 14 Absorption spectra of PbS quantum dots in a silicate glass. (a) Sh...Figure 15 Two‐band photoluminescence of CdS quantum dots in a silicate glass...Figure 16 Room‐temperature optical properties of PbSe quantum dots in a glas...Figure 17 Evaluation from TEM image analyses of the number density of PbS qu...Figure 18 Effect of the size of CdSe quantum dots in silicate glass on LED c...
62 Chapter 6.7Figure 1 Basic processes of glass‐surface technology.Figure 2 Flame polishing in production.Figure 3 Optical profilometry images of glassware surface that is formed by ...Figure 4 Glassware partially corroded (in the middle part) during dishwashin...Figure 5 Sketch of the flame‐polishing process: evaporation and condensation...Figure 6 Holes about 1 μm in diameter formed after dishwashing as seen in he...Figure 7 White‐light interferometry image of a patterned glass surface [20]....Figure 8 Process flow of the aluminum‐induced texturing method.Figure 9 Atomic‐force micrograph of a textured glass surface after the alumi...Figure 10 Application fields of modified glass surfaces: present situation a...
63 Chapter 6.8Figure 1 Overview of the most common physical and chemical processes for thi...Figure 2 Cross‐sections of models of the initial modes of thin‐film growth f...Figure 3 Anatase (TiO2) thin films deposited at 200 °C on float‐glass surfac...Figure 4 Density ranges of TiO2 thin films deposited by traditional (sol gel...Figure 5 Spectral transmission and reflectance of indium‑tin oxide films (th...Figure 6 Decrease of light transmission with an increasing number of Ag laye...Figure 7 The actual multilayer structure of low‐emissivity glasses: the thin...Figure 8 Light transmission of a series of soda‐lime float glass: (a) standa...
64 Chapter 6.9Figure 1 Yablochkov’ candle: an electric arc produced