Encyclopedia of Glass Science, Technology, History, and Culture. Группа авторов
17 Through‐bolt connection. For laminated glass alternative, see [2]....Figure 18 Friction grip connection. For laminated glass alternative, see [2]...Figure 19 Spliced beam‐column connections. (a–c) Principles, based on [1]; (...Figure 20 Splice‐laminated large‐span (21 m) glass beam, (a) overall view an...Figure 21 Curved glass envelope realized by means of cold bent glass, Strasb...Figure 22 Cast glass block facade, Crystal Houses, Amsterdam, (a) overview, ...Figure 23 Glass beam with adhesively bonded steel flanges [33].Figure 24 Reinforced glass beams: (a) schematic section and side view, showi...Figure 25 Metal wire mesh or perforated thin metal plate reinforcement embed...
90 Chapter 9.2Figure 1 Optical sketch for the formation of the ghost image through a winds...Figure 2 Microscopic craters and scratches on the windshield surface of a 20...Figure 3 The differing breakage modes of car glazing: (a) broken tempered si...Figure 4 Effect of iron doping on the transmission of near‐infrared radiatio...Figure 5 Effect of glass lamination with PVB on sound‐transmission loss at 2...Figure 6 IR absorbance (resp., emittance) of flat glass for different thickn...Figure 7 Sketch for the genesis of tempering stress upon cooling of a glass ...Figure 8 Fragmentation of tempered glass as a function of tensile core stres...Figure 9 Sketch of a machine for shaping and simultaneous tempering of sidel...Figure 10 Strain pattern caused by an anisotropic heterogeneity of the resid...Figure 11 Sketch of tunnel furnace (a) and tooling (b) for windshield shapin...
91 Chapter 9.3Figure 1 Classification of man‐made vitreous wool used for insulation. AES, ...Figure 2 Sketch of the two main techniques for forming mineral wool. (a) Cas...Figure 3 Viscosity–temperature relationships of stone and glass wool melts i...Figure 4 Phase transformations of a stone wool composition as observed in a ...Figure 5 Enthalpy relaxation of stone and glass wool samples determined in D...Figure 6 Effect of fiber diameter (as d −1) on mechanical properties o...Figure 7 Increases of tensile strength σts with the axial drawing stres...Figure 8 Effect of pH and chemical composition on the dissolution rate of gl...
92 Chapter 9.4Figure 1 Low‐iron glasses in photovoltaic cells. Left: first‐generation Si m...Figure 2 Spectral transmittance and loss of photon flux of different float g...Figure 3 Glass transition temperature Tg of glasses used in solar‐energy con...Figure 4 Solar water heaters. Left: rooftop receiver with in‐house boiler an...Figure 5 Spectral transmittance and solar‐energy loss of 4 mm‐thick low‐iron...
93 Chapter 9.5Figure 1 Comparison between the structure of thin‐film (a) bulk‐type (b) all...Figure 2 Relationship between the electrical conductivity and the microstruc...Figure 3 Sketch of three procedures used to ensure favorable electrode–elect...Figure 4 Initial charge–discharge curves of all‐solid‐state In/LiCoO2 cells ...Figure 5 Charge–discharge curves of all‐solid‐state Li‐In/S and In/Li2S cell...
94 Chapter 9.6Figure 1 Float lines in Europe, North America, and Middle East/Africa (from ...Figure 2 Increases of the number of float lines in Europe, North America, an...Figure 3 Float lines as of early 2013.Figure 4 Decrease of the price of clear flat glass in Western Europe from 19...Figure 5 Divergence between the prices of flat glass in Western Europe and i...
95 Chapter 9.7Figure 1 Regenerative fired furnaces for container glass. (a) End‐fired, sta...Figure 2 Specimens of other types of furnaces. (a) Recuperative furnace for ...Figure 3 Sketch of a dam wall in the melter of a glass furnace.Figure 4 A view over a wool‐glass bath through the peep hole of the melter....Figure 5 The two nozzle of gas burners (a) and the resulting gas flow (b)....Figure 6 Individual components of an end‐fired regenerative furnace.A. Reg...Figure 7 Energy consumption as a function of specific load (t/d.m2) used to ...Figure 8 Interplay of factors involved in NOx and SOx emissions.Figure 9 Evolutions of overall energy efficiency and emissions of NOx, SOx, ...
96 Chapter 9.8Figure 1 Fundamental parameters controlling a furnace in its dual functions ...Figure 2 Heat balance of a fuel‐fired furnace equipped with a flue‐gas heat‐...Figure 3 Efficiency of a glass furnace as a function of the heat capacity‐fl...Figure 4 Model of radiative heat exchange between combustion and melting spa...Figure 5 The influence of the pull rate, p, on the operation of a glass furn...Figure 6 Mass input–output characteristics of chemical reactors. (a) Ideal m...Figure 7 Experimental data of F(z) (symbols) presented in a plot W = ln[−ln(...Figure 8 Comparison between tracer residence times in a double‐convection fu...Figure 9 Comparison between calculated and measured temperature profiles for...Figure 10 Simplified picture of the glass convection flow within a melter.Figure 11 Temperature profiles and melt flow pattern in a flat‐glass furnace...Figure 12 Complete modern furnace simulation model of an end‐port, container...
97 Chapter 9.9Figure 1 Hierarchy for glass waste.Figure 2 Estimation of waste glass generated by municipal solid waste.Figure 3 Cullet treatment process. CSP, rejects of ceramic, stones, and porc...Figure 4 Mixed glass cullet.Figure 5 Sketch of a typical sorting machine for cullet.
98 Chapter 9.10Figure 1 Sketch of an incineration plant from waste delivery to incineration...Figure 2 The heterogeneous nature of bottom ash. (a) As seen with the eye. (...Figure 3 A scrap glass fragment of bottom ash shown in a backscattered scann...Figure 4 Transparent glass with yellow and brown schlieren. In the dark part...Figure 5 Crystallization of oxides and pyroxene along the dark schlieren in ...Figure 6 The heterogeneity of fly ash as seen in a backscattering electron i...
99 Chapter 9.11Figure 1 Operation of industrial vitrification plants around the world.Figure 2 Pd–Te (spherical) and RuO2 (needle‐shaped) metallic precipitates un...Figure 3 Partially crystallized beads enriched in molybdenum, phosphorus, an...Figure 4 Summary of the distinct stages of nuclear glass corrosion and relat...Figure 5 Two‐step vitrification process of nuclear waste with either “cold” ...Figure 6 Sketch of an LFCM liquid‐fed ceramic melter equipped with a bottom ...
100 Chapter 9.12Figure 1 The formal atmosphere of a meeting of glass scientist in 1928 in Aa...Figure 2 The 1967 (a) and 1994 (b) ICG logos.Figure 3 The 2010 ICG symbol.
101 Section XFigure 1 Through 25 centuries of glassmaking, an art travel at the Glasmuseu...Figure 2 Ingots of Roman glasses similar to those known by Pliny as conserve...
102 Chapter 10.1Figure 1 World map of obsidian sources utilized in ancient times. In the wes...Figure 2 Balata dei Turchi (southern side of Pantelleria, Italy) primary obs...Figure 3 Obsidian blocks (up to 40 cm in length), cores (up to 15 cm), blade...Figure 4 An obsidian sample sitting on a portable XRF instrument for the des...Figure 5 Trace element graph distinguishing Mediterranean obsidian sources....Figure 6 Multiple flows (subsources) may be distinguished on the islands of ...Figure 7 Bar chart showing source frequencies for Early Neolithic (a) and La...Figure 8 Sites with 10 or more artifacts tested (circles by the author, squa...
103 Chapter 10.2Figure 1 Blue glass lump from Eridu, believed to date to the late third mill...Figure 2 Heart amulet, Egyptian 18th Dynasty, late fourteenth century BCE (2...Figure 3 Inlay, Egyptian from Thebes, 18th dynasty (33 × 26 cm, British Muse...Figure 4 (a) Egypt (cosmetic jug, 18th dynasty, 24 × 30 cm; British Museum 2...Figure 5 The clear distinction between glasses found (and therefore thought ...Figure 6 The higher resolution of isotopic analyses: distinguishing glass ma...
104 Chapter 10.3Figure 1 Array of excavated floors of tank furnaces at Bet Eli'ezer, near Ha...Figure 2 Model for Roman glass production as currently understood. Egyptian ...Figure 3 Main compositional groups of the first millennium CE as determined ...Figure 4 The Lycurgus Cup (fourth c. CE) depicting the myth of King Lycurgus...Figure 5 Mosaic‐footed glass bowl, Victoria and Albert Museum 969–1868. Made...Figure 6 A range of forms displayed by a selected group of blown Roman‐glass...Figure 7 Typical mixing line between Roman antimony‐decolorized glass, with ...
105 Chapter 10.4Figure 1 Head of an Egyptian priest made of vitreous material (c. seventh ce...Figure 2 Oil lamp with the illustration of an artisan blowing glass in a pip...Figure 3 Pharmaceutical and chemical (?) glassware found in the Casa del Fab...Figure 4 Garden of Eden mosaic decorating the vault of the Galla Placidia Ma...Figure 5 Glass alchemical alembics illustrating the Codex Parisinus 2327 thi...
106 Chapter 10.5Figure 1 Viscosity ranges for glassworking operations