Encyclopedia of Glass Science, Technology, History, and Culture. Группа авторов
fin...Figure 3 Rotary scratches on the interior of a ribbed bowl fragment (Frankfu...Figure 4 Rotary scratches exhibiting horseshoe chattermarks so much shortene...Figure 5 Core‐forming furnace open at the top (height 52 cm) as designed and...Figure 6 Rotary pressing: gob of hot glass pressed with a moist wooden plung...Figure 7 Making of a ribbed bowl: sagging or flowing down of hot glass over ...Figure 8 Making of spiral reticella vessel: drawing of the thread from a rot...Figure 9 Making a Cretan pyxis: cylindrical plunger pressed into a gob of ho...Figure 10 Making of a bulbous colorband bottle: preheated colorband disk or ...Figure 11 Fragments of inflated tubes from a first century BCE Jerusalem wor...Figure 12 Pontil attachment on a newly blown glass.Figure 13 Replica of five‐part mold for a beaker, showing mythological scene...Figure 14 Mold blowing: loading of the parison in the sooted, five‐part mold...Figure 15 The basketry pattern of a cylindrical jug (height 21 cm). Syro‐Pal...Figure 16 Hellenistic sandwich gold glass bowl (height 10.7 cm, rim diameter...Figure 17 Three‐step making of gold glass: pressing of the gob of the outer ...Figure 18 Cameo glass: the Portland vase (height 24.5 cm, maximum body diame...Figure 19 Two step‐making of a cameo glass: model of wax or clay serving for...Figure 20 Diatrete, Cage cup (preserved height 12.1 cm, rim diameter 10.1 cm...Figure 21 Four‐step making of a double‐walled blank for subsequent cutting o...
107 Chapter 10.6Figure 1 A variety of glass coatings. (a) Enameled Venetian chalice (circa 1...Figure 2 Limoges enamels. (a) Plaque depicting Jesus before Ponce Pilate ten...Figure 3 Firing defects on glazes and enamels. (a) Celadon crackled glaze (n...Figure 4 Control of the glaze quality: comparison between the thermal expans...Figure 5 Structure and polymerization of silicate glasses. (a) Sketch of the...Figure 6 Optical/SEM micrographs of sliced sections of glazed potteries. (a)...Figure 7 Color palettes: (a) of painting enamel (~200 mm in diameter) for Sè...Figure 8 Glaze colored with metal nanoparticles. (a) Dish made by Eva Haudum...
108 Chapter 10.7Figure 1 Changing origins of Venetian glass evidenced by variations in the a...Figure 2 Transition from natron to soda‐ash glass demonstrated by a histogra...Figure 3 The mutual relationships between cristallo and vitrum blanchum esta...Figure 4 Renaissance Venetian gilded‐enameled ewer, c. 1530, height 20.9 cm,...Figure 5 Tazza, filigree cup, c. 1550, height 9.0 cm, max diam. 17.9 cm (Mus...Figure 6 The thin lattimo glass rod embedded into a cristallo glass as seen ...Figure 7 Chalcedony cup decorated with droplets of aventurine, c. 1700, heig...Figure 8 Metallic copper particles dispersed in a nineteenth‐century aventur...
109 Chapter 10.8Figure 1 Cast Roman window glass: ~4–5 mm‐thick, originally 35 × 80 cm panes...Figure 2 Final steps of the making of flat from hollow glass before annealin...Figure 3 The palette of hues described by Theophilus exemplified at the same...Figure 4 The ancient red panels of Notre‐Dame de la Belle Verrière...Figure 5 Jesus' crowning with thorns: the most important stained glass panel...Figure 6 Noah's ark: a well‐known Biblical scene pictured in Saint Étienne‐d...Figure 7 The two processes for producing a red color with copper nanoparticl...Figure 8 Red flashing on a clear glass, etched away to give the detailed pat...Figure 9 A large fire drawn with sanguine, a thin red to warm brown enamel m...Figure 10 Grisaille work in a sixteenth‐century panel from a church in Chart...Figure 11 The heterogeneous structure of grisaille revealed by scanning elec...Figure 12 Silver staining: yellow shading in the church of St Thomas, Eccles...Figure 13 The smart integration of thin leading to delineate tree trunks: de...Figure 14 Restoration of an English fourteenth‐century stained glass window ...Figure 15 Exterior view of a thirteenth‐century stained glass depicting Chri...Figure 16 The prophets Joel and Amos of the Old Testament pictured by the fa...Figure 17 Late nineteenth‐century stained glass from Christ Church, Ecclesto...Figure 18 Stained glass made from Pâte de verre panels held by cement (Figure 19 An ancient, obvious repair at the head of an apostle in a sixteent...Figure 20 Raman spectroscopy in the service of ancient stained glass: on‐sit...
110 Chapter 10.9Figure 1 Glassmaking as pictured in the Pit of Memnon, one of the plates of ...Figure 2 Two aspects of late eighteenth‐century glassmaking depicted by the Figure 3 The three glass furnaces described by Agricola [7]. (a) The melting...Figure 4 The earliest known representation of a reverberatory furnace in Bir...Figure 5 Siemens regenerative pot furnace (width: 6 m): cross section throug...Figure 6 The open and closed clay pots still used in the middle of the ninet...Figure 7 The gas producer of a Siemens regenerative furnace [20]. Coal slidi...Figure 8 The mutual disposition of Siemens furnace, gas producer, and regene...Figure 9 From blueprint to actual construction, the new tank furnace with a ...Figure 10 Bievez lehr for the annealing of nine glass sheets [38]. Newly mad...Figure 11 The original 563 × 139 m large and 39 m high Crystal Palace design...Figure 12 The making of wired glass from glass cast on two converging tables...Figure 13 The original Saint‐Gobain casting process for plate glass: glass p...Figure 14 Plate glass processes. (a) Sketch of the evolution. (b) Glass flow...Figure 15 The 3.2 m large continuous glass ribbon exiting the annealing lehr...Figure 16 Aerial view of the Jusant polishing machine. Total length of the l...Figure 17 Boucher machine for making bottle‐glass. (a) The first version. (b...Figure 18 The Homer‐Brooke feeder; 1: central vertical shaft; 23: cup‐shaped...Figure 19 The Owens machine. (a) Heads dipping into the pots as they pass ov...Figure 20 Hartford‐Fairmont forehearth.Figure 21 A Boetius furnace for the melting of crystal glass in 12 pots [20]...
111 Chapter 10.10Figure 1 The concept of ray of light at the basis of Ptolemy's study of refr...Figure 2 Anachronistic geometrical representation of Ptolemy's refraction me...Figure 3 The rainbow as understood by Dietrich de Freiberg: parallel light o...Figure 4 The objective of Galileo's telescope. These instruments had a typic...Figure 5 Some of the astonishing features revealed by Hooke in Micrographia ...Figure 6 The Animalcula discovered in the Semine masculino of a cock, each h...Figure 7 Guinand's process: stirring of molten flint with a U‐shaped iron ba...Figure 8 “A Cupping‐Glass, to which is attached an Air‐exhausted Compartment...Figure 9 One of the earliest representations of alchemical glassware (MS 232...Figure 10 Lavoisier's chemical glassware at the end of the eighteenth centur...Figure 11 The diversity and Venetian style of the vertical and spiral glass ...Figure 12 The pressure exerted by the atmosphere as indicated by the same he...Figure 13 The traditional procedure for drawing glass tubes from two differe...Figure 14 Pascal's hydraulic press [52], “a vessel full of water, sealed on ...Figure 15 Boyle's mercurial experiments as made with “a long glass‐tube, whi...Figure 16 The key to the safety valve of steam engines [55]. (a) The vapor p...Figure 17 Pressure as a probe of the physiology of plants in experiments mad...Figure 18 A typical eighteenth‐century electrostatic experiment made by Chri...Figure 19 The good use by Crookes of tr€ansparency and other properties of g...Figure 20 The great many types of X‐ray tubes designed during the year 1896 ...Figure 21 An important evolutionary step between discharge tubes and mass sp...Figure 22 Glass technology in the service of astronomy: following Dollond's ...
112 Chapter 10.11Figure 1 Prince Rupert's drops pictured by Hooke; rupture pattern shown on t...Figure 2 Crystal precipitation in a piece of Réaumur's porcelain.Figure 3 Tammann's depiction of the rates of crystal growth and nucleation w...Figure 4 The effects of chemical diversification on the refraction and dispe...Figure 5 A summary of de Luynes' rupture and HF etching experiments on Princ...Figure 6 The marked decrease of breaking stress with increasing fiber diamet...Figure 7 The calorimetric effect of the glass transition: break in the mean ...Figure 8 Anomaly of thermal expansion and heat absorption in the same temper...Figure 9 Effect of thermal history on the glass transition of a light flint ...Figure 10 Heat capacity changes of organic substances in the glass transitio...Figure 11 Heat capacity hysteresis observed for the glass transition of B2O3Figure 12 Structural relaxation in viscosity measurements at 486.7 °C on a w...Figure 13 The X‐ray radial distribution function of SiO2 glass (after [151])...Figure 14 Two‐dimensional projection of the structure of a soda‐silica glass...Figure 15 Raman spectra of SiO2 and B2O3 glasses (after [158]). Sharp peak a...
113 Chapter 10.12Figure 1 Kunstpalast, Glasmuseum Hentrich. Details of its bright‐red ...Figure 2 Large beaker (“Humpen”), dated 1603, with coats of arms...Figure 3 Deutsches Museum, Munich, entrance to department of glass technolo...Figure 4 Technology Museum of Glass, La Granja, Spain. The Museum presents...Figure 5 Technology Museum of Glass, La Granja, Spain.