Industrial Carbon and Graphite Materials. Группа авторов
allotropic form of carbon and won for this invention the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2010 [18]. This was the second Nobel Prize related to the chemical element carbon! For an overview see Table 3.1.
Table 3.1 Milestones in the history of carbon material.
| Approximately 13 × 109 years ago | The element carbon is formed in the first stars of the universe |
| Approximately 4 × 109 years ago | The first terrestrial diamonds grow in volcanic magma |
| >1 × 109 years ago | The first terrestrial deposits of graphite emerge |
| Approximately 30 000 years ago | Carbon black and charcoal are used as color pigments for cave painting |
| Approximately 8 000 BC | Charcoal is used for the reduction of metal ores |
| Approximately 3 500 BC | Indian ink with carbon black is invented by the Hindu Panningrishee |
| Approx. 1 500 BC | Charcoal powder is used as medicine in Egypt |
| Approx. 500 BC | Celts form ceramic flagons from clay and natural graphite |
| 1220 | Bavarian peasants near Passau win natural graphite for crucibles and cart grease |
| 1456 | Johannes Gutenberg prints the Bible in Mainz with printer’s ink (carbon black) |
| 1565 | Pencils with natural graphite are manufactured by sheep farmers in Cumberland |
| 1709 | Coal coke is used in a blast furnace by Abraham Darby I at Coalbrookdale (England) |
| 1772 | Graphite and diamond are identified as elemental carbon by Antoine Lavoisier |
| 1810 | The first electric arc with charcoal is generated by Humphry Davy in London |
| 1822 | Carbon black is produced from natural gas by Samuel and Godfrey Cabot in the United States |
| 1844 | The first useful arc lamp with carbon rods is constructed by Léon Foucault in Paris |
| 1854 | Aluminum is manufactured with carbon electrodes by Robert Bunsen in Heidelberg |
| 1866 | Werner Siemens constructs the dynamo with carbon brushes in Berlin |
| 1878 | Joseph Swan and Thomas a. Edison invent filament lamps with carbon fibers |
| 1886 | Aluminum is produced with carbon electrodes by Charles Hall and Paul Héroult |
| 1892 | Chlor‐alkali electrolysis with Hg and carbon anodes, invented by Hamilton Y. Castner |
| 1893 | Synthetic graphite by lengthwise graphitization, invented by Hamilton Y. Castner |
| 1895 | Synthetic graphite by crosswise graphitization, invented by Edward G. Acheson |
| 1900 | R. Von Ostrejko invents activated carbon by chemical and gas activation |
| 1909 | The industrial production of activated carbon from charcoal starts at Ratibor (Silesia) |
| 1925 | Carbon black produced by the furnace black process, developed in the United States |
| 1935 | Carbon black from tar aromatics by the Degussa gas black process (Harry Kloepfer) |
| 1942 | Enrico Fermi constructs the first nuclear reactor with reactor graphite in Chicago |
| 1955 | General Electric starts the industrial diamond synthesis by the high‐pressure process |
| 1956 | Boris Spitzyn and Boris Derjaguin invent the low‐pressure diamond synthesis |
| 1958 | General Electric starts the production of glass‐like carbon shapes |
| 1965 | J. D. Brooks and G. H. Taylor discover the carbon mesophase in coal‐tar pitch |
| 1985 | H. W. Kroto, R. F. Curl, and R. E. Smalley discover the fullerenes |
| 1990 | W. Krätschmer et al. invent the fullerene synthesis by the electric arc process |
| 1991 | Sumio Iijima discovers the carbon nanotubes in the NEC laboratory of Tsukuba |
References
1 1 Mitteilungen (2010), Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker/Fachgruppe Geschichte der Chemie (Frankfurt/Main), Bd 21.
2 2 Collin, G. (2005). Kohlenstoffprodukte. In: Winnacker‐Küchler, Chemische Technik ‐ Prozesse und Produkte, 5e, vol. 3, 895–897. Wiley‐VCH.
3 3 Collin, G. (2000). Die Geschichte des technischen Kohlenstoffs (2) ‐ Diamanten, vol. 116, 513. Erdöl Erdgas Kohle.
4 4 Collin, G. (2000). On the history of technical carbon. cfi/Ber. DKG 77 3: 28–35.
5 5 (a) Burton, A. (1975). Remains of a Revolution, 55–67. Cardinal, London.(b) Collin, G. and Wetzel, W. (2004). Zur Geschichte der Eisengewinnung mit Holzkohle und Steinkohlenkoks. In: NTM‐Schriftenreihe f. Geschichte d. Naturwissenschaften, vol. 12, 65–79. Basel: Birkhäuser and Technik u. Medizin.
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7 7 Collin, G. (2003). Zur Geschichte des Rußes. Erdöl Erdgas Kohle 119: 95–98.
8 8 (a) Voll, M. and Kleinschmit, P. (1986). Carbon black. In: Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 5e, vol. A5, 140–158. Wiley‐VCH.(b) Collin, G. and Behnisch, J. (2005). Industrieruß. In: Winnacker‐Küchler, Chemische Technik ‐Prozesse und Produkte, 5e, vol. 3, 941–962. Wiley‐VCH.
9 9 Degussa AG (1998). Immer eine Idee besser, Frankfurt am Main.
10 10 (a) von Kienle, H. (1986). Activated carbon. In: Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 5e, vol. AS, 124–140. Wiley‐VCH.(b) Collin, G. and Blümer, G.‐P. (2005). Aktivkohle. In: Winnacker‐Küchler, Chemische Technik ‐