Classify, Exclude, Police. Laurent Fourchard

Classify, Exclude, Police - Laurent Fourchard


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Buire, Corentin Cohen, Julie Clerc, Gilles Favarel‐Garrigues, Laurent Gayer, Paul Grassin, Béatrice Hibou, Patrick Le Galès, Virginie Malochet, Claire Médard, Thierry Oblet, Daniel Sabbagh, Marianne Saddier and Djemila Zeneidi whose suggestions helped me improve the English version. Jennifer Robinson who encouraged me for years to write a book, provided a considerable number of suggestions for revising the English version. I would like to warmly thank her as well as Walter Nicholls, the chief editor of the SUSC series and Jacqueline Scott for being very supportive. This English version was made possible, thanks to the executive director of the Presses de Sciences Po, Julie Gazier, thanks to the financial support of CERI and the Urban School of Sciences Po and to the translator Susan Taponier.

      I would like to warmly thank Joseph Ayodokun (in Ibadan), Gboyega Adebayo and Joseph Akinniyi (in Lagos) and David Agige (in Jos) who helped me interview civil servants, politicians and union officials in the neighbourhoods mentioned in the book. I also thank them for the translations made in Yoruba (Lagos and Ibadan) in Hausa, Afizere and Anaguta (in Jos). Their work has considerable influence and I wish them success in achieving their doctoral thesis.

      Emmanuelle Spiesse, Marcel, Gaspard and Achille Fourchard have been infinitely patient and unwaveringly supported me throughout the years. This book is dedicated to them.

      ‘The population of every state and local government in Nigeria is officially divided into two categories of citizens: those who are indigenes and those who are not. The indigenes of a place are those who can trace their ethnic and genealogical roots back to a community of people who originally settled there. Everyone else, no matter how long they or their families have lived in the place they call home, is and always will be a non‐indigene.’ (Human Rights Watch, April 2006, p. 1.)

      The report indicates that many states refuse to employ non‐indigenes in the civil service, discriminate against them in the provision of basic services, and often deny them the right to stand for office in local and state government elections, thereby treating them as second‐class citizens. Furthermore, the report asserts that the division between indigenes and non‐indigenes has led to extreme violence in some localities: 1,000 people died in the city of Jos (in the centre of the country) in September 2001, more than 600 in the small town of Yelwa (200 km from Jos) during the first half of 2004, and several hundred in 1997 and 2003 in the city of Warri (Niger Delta).

      South Africa, May 2008: xenophobic violence engulfed the whole country during the month of May, leaving 60 dead, 700 injured, and more than 100,000 displaced. A third of the victims were South Africans, although foreigners from other African countries were the main targets (Landau 2011, p. 1). The violence began in the township of Alexandra in Johannesburg, then spread to other townships chiefly in the province of Gauteng, and later to the cities of Cape Town and Durban. The 140 zones involved were mostly townships and informal urban areas.

An illustration of a map depicting the states and cities in Nigeria.

      Source: Realised by Christine Deslaurier. IRD, UR 102, 2007.

An illustration of a map depicting the provinces and cities in South Africa.
1866 1891 1911 1952 1963 1970 1991 2010
Lagos 25 32 73 272 542 1266 5195 8048
Ibadan 100 120 175 459 427 998 1835 2551
Kano 30 127 255 882
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