Библия Времени. Найди свое. Лим Ворд
working day to four hours, while doubling wages twice. On the front from the Urals, large quantities of ammunition arrive, but to fight, give lives, health, to please England, France, etc., the population of Russia is not at all motivated. The attempt to organize an offensive on the German front, under the new government, fails, does not become a new, unifying achievement. The parade of sovereignties begins – Ukraine, Byelorussia, and other former gubernias are separated, right up to the newly-formed Kuban republic. In October 1917, the Provisional Government withdraws peacefully enough, and, having access to the means of the Central Bank, operates semi-legal, engaged in current economic activities. The Constituent Assembly, expected by the masses, with a certain enthusiasm, is called to rally the different parties. But after the historical phrase «The Guard is tired» by the anarchist Zheleznyak, said at 5 am on January 6, 1918, the deputies find the gates of the Tauride Palace locked in a big castle. The main sense of what is happening seems to many just such a small technical blot. On January 6, Bolshevik delegates refuse to attend the meeting, respectively, there is no quorum expected, because the last coalition government continues to hold the plenipotentiary assembly as long as possible. Most citizens-comrades have a persistent feeling that a sailor, belted crosswise with ribbons with cartridges, or a brave soldier with a «screw» is much more important than a subject in civilian clothes, whose invisible weapons are a thought and a word.
…This very moment can be proposed as the date of a real Socialist Revolution.
The Civil War begins.
The Bolsheviks conclude the Brest peace with Germany; it costs Ukraine, Byelorussia, the Baltic republics, and some other territories that the Germans have seized at their discretion. After the defeat from the Entente, faced with the most ferocious resistance of the peasants (20,000 Austro-German soldiers, among those invited by the newly formed Kiev «Radа» (Duma, Congress) troops) were killed, Germany withdraws its units from Ukraine. On all fronts of the Civil War, the «reds» win. The government headed by Lenin seems that luck is always with them.
The vacuum of power after Petlyura and German rule in Ukraine is filled with dreaming of a confederation «from sea to sea» by Poland, by April 25, 1920, seized Kiev. The Red Army knocks out Polish units from Ukraine, pursues them to Warsaw, but, having stretched out the rear, it suffers a severe defeat. About 140,000 people are taken prisoner, 80,000 of them subsequently die of hunger, bullying and executions. A significant part of Byelorussia and Ukraine departs to Poland.
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1. The first Soviet money, made according to the typographical clichés of the Provisional Government, was called «pentacles», named after the chief commissar of the People’s Bank, G. Pyatakov.
2. Money Denikin (one thousand rubles), the so-called. «Bell», the South of Russia.
3. The very first «money sign» actually, the production of the RSFSR, the ruble, the size of 33 by 43 millimeters, the beginning of release on February 4, 1919. 1 ruble was equated to 10 000 old (kerenki, dumki). The «Money Mark» is indicated, because at the time it was assumed that a communist society would soon emerge in the whole world, in which money would be absolutely unnecessary. There is no year and numbering.
4. A series of new «pyatakovok» in 1922, more often now called «moths.» The salary of the worker at this time is 20 rubles, a bottle of 38-degree vodka, «Rykovki» ruble, meat 42 kopecks, a loaf of bread 20 kopecks. If you count by sovznakam 1923, then, for example, a kilogram of potatoes costs 1,300 rubles.
5. The banknote of the bank of the Bukhara People’s Soviet Republic, 2500, 1922 – some marginal socialist letters still print their banknotes.
6. Twenty-five thousand rubles (or so, «signs»), a series of 1923, an example of hyperinflation.
7. Soviet chervonets – a denomination nominally provided with gold, 7.74 on the back – a white background. Inside the country there were also gold coins depicting a sower-there were not many of them, but they supported the citizens’ confidence in paper bills. It was issued in 1922, gradually replacing, with parallel circulation (and even release), «Soviet signs» in the ratio of 50,000: 1. The name «chervonets» is an attempt to find a socialist replacement for the name «ruble». The variant «Federal» was offered. In the end, the «ruble» known to us remained.
After the end of the NEP and the introduction of military-repressive methods of managing the economy, as well as the cessation of the circulation of gold coins inside the country, the course of the chervonetz falls, it ceases, as before, to freely exchange abroad. In 1937, new chervontsy were issued – with classics, portraits of Lenin, also circulating along the ruble. They existed, in turn, before the monetary reform of 1947.
8. The face of the era, a man, incidentally, holding all this money in his hands – Sergei Yesenin, Russian poet, 1895—1925 (photo of 1914). Birth – the village of Konstantinovo Ryazan province, a peasant family. At the end of the Zemstvo school and two classes of the parish school – moving to Moscow, working in a butcher’s shop, then the printing house M. Sytin. The publication of the first poems is in the children’s magazine Mirok. Acquaintance with the capital’s beau monde, development, public recognition. A typical example of creativity:
Sing, sing. On the accursed guitar
Fingers dance yours in a semicircle.
Choke in this frenzy,
My last, only friend
…1914 – acquaintance with Anna Izryadnova, proofreader of the printing house, civil marriage, the result is Yuri’s son; who will be shot in 1937, at the height of repression. 1917 – marriage to actress Zinaida Raich. In this alliance, two children are born, Tatiana and Constantine. 1921 – marriage terminated. Zinaida Raich will marry the great theater figure V. Meyerhold and will be killed 24 days after his arrest, in 1939.
Further – an acquaintance with Galina Benislavskaya, for a while becoming his personal secretary and close friend. Later, she will shoot herself (according to other sources, she hammered six bullets of «bulldog», striking) on the poet’s grave.
In 1921 – a marriage to the American dancer-innovative Dora Angela Duncan (Dora Angela Duncan), for some time received government support in the USSR. Marriage disintegrates in two years, but before that the pair manages to visit Germany, France, Belgium, Italy and (4 months) the United States. Yesenin travels the country, is engaged in book publishing, does not shun alcohol, and, increasingly, writes poetry. A new wife, Sofya Tolstaya-Yesenina (the granddaughter of Count L. Tolstoy) negotiates with Professor P. Gannushkin about her husband’s hospitalization in the psychoneurological clinic of Moscow University. Be that as it may, Esenin leaves the hospital, removes all the money from the savings book, goes to Leningrad. There he, living in room 5 of the Angleterre hotel, communicates with