A History of Matrimonial Institutions (Vol. 1-3). George Elliott Howard
where may be found the best and most detailed account existing of the rites and social usages connected with a mediæval French marriage. Most important of all for the present purpose, however, are the ancient English liturgies. That of Sarum (Salisbury) is published by Maskell, Monumenta ritualia ecclesiae anglicanae (Oxford, 1882), with the essential clauses of the York service in the margin; while the rituals of Salisbury, York, and Hereford, together with extracts from ten other marriage services, ranging all the way from the eighth to the fifteenth century, are contained in Vol. LXIII of the Surtees Society Publications (London, 1875). With these may be compared the Catholic forms in the Rituale romanorum Pauli Quinti (Rome, 1816); and those of the Reformation in the Liturgies of Edward VI. (Cambridge, 1844); and the Liturgies of Elizabeth (Cambridge, 1847), both in the publications of the Parker Society. The earlier of these may also be found in the "First" Book of Common Prayer, 1549 (exact reprint, black letter, London, 1844); or in the "Second" Book of Common Prayer, reprinted in the same style at London in the same year. With these collections will be found useful Lathbury, History of the Book of Common Prayer (2d ed., Oxford and London, 1859); and Daniel, The Prayer Book (London, 1877). The marriage rituals of the modern Greek, Roman, and English churches are given in Bingham (J. F.), The Christian Marriage Ceremony (New York, 1871); and the English service, with discussion, may also be found in Tegg, The Knot Tied (London, 1877); and Moore, How to Be Married (London, 1890).
The principal sources for the study of the Council of Trent are Richter-Schulte, Canones et decreti concilii tridentini (Leipzig, 1853); Theiner, Acta genuina concilii tridentini (Zagrabrae, Croatiae, 1874); Father Sarpi (Pietro Soave Polano), Historie of the Council of Trent (London, 1620), opposing the action of the Council; and his antagonist Pallavicino, Istoria del Concilio di Trento (Rome, 1833); or the Latin version of the same by Giattino (Antwerp, 1670). A convenient collection on this subject is Waterworth, Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent (New York, 1848); while valuable monographs are Salis, Die Publikation des tridentinischen Rechts der Eheschliessung (Basel, 1888); Leinz, Die Ehevorschrift des Concils von Trient (Freiburg, 1888); Fleiner, Die tridentinische Ehevorschrift (Leipzig, 1892); and Meurer, "Die rechtliche Natur des trid. Matrimonial-Decrets," in ZKR., XXII (Freiburg, 1889). The action of the Council is treated in Esmein, Le mariage en droit canonique (Paris, 1891); Madan, Thelyphthora (London, 1781); Bohn, Political Cyclopædia (London, 1860); as also by Sohm and Friedberg. Froude's Lectures on the Council of Trent (New York, 1896) are too general to be of value for the present subject.
For the great case of Regina v. Millis, historically so surprising, the Report of the Cases of Regina v. Millis et Regina v. Carroll in the Queen's Bench, Ireland (Dublin, 1842); and 10 Clark and Finnelly, Reports of Cases Decided in the House of Lords, are indispensable. In connection therewith read Sir John Stoddart, Observations on the Opinion (London, 1844); his Letter to Lord Brougham (London, 1844); and Elphinstone's paper in the Law Quarterly Review, V (London, 1889). To supplement these may be consulted the Jesuit Sanchez's treatise, Disputationum de matrimonii sacramento (Venice, 1625); the older handbook of Lyndwood, Provinciale (n. p., 1505; or Oxford, 1779); and, in general, Bishop, Marriage, Divorce, and Separation (Chicago, 1891); Stephens, Laws of the Clergy (London, 1848); Reeves, History of the English Common Law, IV; Bright, Husband and Wife (New York, 1850); the concise and accurate discussion of Pollock and Maitland, History of the English Law, II; and the masterly investigation of Friedberg in his Eheschliessung. For the more celebrated earlier cases with which the judgments in the Queen v. Millis are not in harmony see 1 Roll, Abridgement, 353 (Foxcroft's case, ca. 1282); Year Book 34 Edward I. (Delheith's case, 1305); 2 Haggard, Consistory Reports, 54-137 (Dalrymple v. Dalrymple, 1811); 2 Coke's Reports, 355-59 (Bunting v. Lepingwell); especially the numerous decisions in Hale's unique Precedents and Proceedings in Criminal Causes, 1475-1640 (London, 1847); and compare the later case of Beamish v. Beamish, 1859-61, in Clark, 9 House of Lords Cases (Boston, 1871), which follows the precedent in Queen v. Millis, giving a history of matrimonial laws from Anglo-Saxon times. On this decision there is a very instructive passage in Pollock, First Book of Jurisprudence (London, 1896). On Dalrymple v. Dalrymple consult Dodson's Report of the Judgment of Sir William Scott (London, 1811). See further the note at the close of this chapter.
At the head of all scientific historical writers on the rise of ecclesiastical marriage is Sohm whose main thesis, that the early canon law of the marriage contract rests on the principles of German custom, has fairly withstood the test of criticism. His principal work on this subject, Eheschliessung, elsewhere mentioned, is supplemented by the Zur Trauungsfrage (Heilbronn, 1879), and the Obligatorische Civilehe (Weimar, 1880); and in these he has proved beyond reasonable doubt that the legal participation of the church in the nuptial celebration is of late origin. Agreeing with Sohm in his main conclusion, but differing on some questions, is Schubert, Die evangelische Trauung (Berlin, 1890); and he is in part anticipated by Biener in the much earlier "Beiträge zu der Geschichte der Civilehe," in Zeitschrift für deutsches Recht und Rechtswissenschaft, XX, 119-44 (Tübingen, 1861). He is stoutly opposed on all the main points in Sehling's able monograph, Die Unterscheidung der Verlöbnisse im kanonischen Recht (Leipzig, 1887); and also, especially regarding the late origin of the legal ecclesiastical celebration, by Dieckhoff in the work already mentioned, as also in his Civilehe und kirchliche Trauung (Rostock, 1880); Moy, Eherecht der Christen (Regensburg, 1833), had already taken the same view; Scheurl holds a medial position in "Consensus facit nuptias," ZKR., XXII, 269-86 (Freiburg, 1889); which paper was preceded by his Entwicklung des kirchlichen Eheschliessungsrechts (Erlangen, 1877), and the "Zur Geschichte des kirch. Eheschliessungsrechts," ZKR., XV (Freiburg and Tübingen, 1880). The last-named article is criticised by Bierling, "Kleine Beiträge," ibid., XVI, 288-316 (1881). In this connection read also Hasse, Das Güterrecht der Ehegattin (Berlin, 1824), who anticipates Sohm on the nature of the Roman nuptial celebration; Cremer, Die kirchliche Trauung (Berlin, 1875); idem, "Bürgerliche Eheschliessung und kirchliche Trauung," in Evangel. Kirchenzeitung (1876), Nos. 32-35; Lindner, "Die Heiligung der Ehe und die Trauung," ibid., Nos. 18-23; Buchka, "Die Bedeutung der kirch. Trauung," ZKR., XVII (Freiburg and Tübingen, 1882); Kahl, "Civilehe und kirch. Gewissen," ibid., XVIII, 295-367 (1883); Freisen, Geschichte des canonischen Eherechts (Tübingen, 1888).
Friedberg's Eheschliessung, supplemented by the Zur Geschichte der Eheschliessung, the Lehrbuch des katholischen und evangelischen Kirchenrechts (2d ed. Leipzig, 1884), and the Geschichte der Civilehe (Berlin, 1877), is a mine of information at every point; and his conclusions as to the validity of clandestine contracts de praesenti have been accepted by Pollock and Maitland in their History of English Law (Cambridge, 1895). Makower's Constitutional History and Constitution of the Church of England (London, 1895) is by far the best work on his subject, the extracts from the sources and the full bibliographical apparatus being of the greatest assistance to the investigator.
In spite of its notorious inaccuracy, Bingham's Origines ecclesiasticae (London, n. d.) is still of service. Conservative discussions may also be found in Göschl, Darstellung der kirch.-christ. Ehegesetze (Aschaffenburg, 1832); Hildebrand, De nuptiis veterum christianorum (Helmstadt, 1701); Moy, Eherecht der Christen mentioned above; and Phillips, Lehrbuch des Kirchenrechts (3d ed., Regensburg, 1881). Zhishman's Das Eherecht der orientalischen Kirche (Vienna, 1864) is the standard treatise on the subject.
In general, besides the works of Beauchet, Loening, Spirgatis, Méril, Lingard, Schmid, Thorpe, Liebermann, and others already mentioned in Bibliographical Note VI, some useful matter for the present chapter may be found in Parker, De antiquitate britannicae ecclesiae (London, 1729); Klein, Das Eheverlöbniss (Strassburg, 1881); Riedler, Bedingte Eheschliessung (Kempten, 1892); Freisen, Geschichte des canonischen Eherechts (Tübingen, 1888); idem, in Archiv für katholisches Kirchenrecht, LIII, 369 ff.]
I. THE PRIMITIVE CHRISTIAN BENEDICTION, THE BRIDE-MASS, AND THE CELEBRATION AD OSTIUM ECCLESIAE
It is a noteworthy fact that the early church accepted and sanctioned the existing temporal forms of marriage. Her energy was directed mainly to the task of enforcing her own rules relating to marriage disabilities, such as those arising in affinity or nearness of kin; to