Vegetable Teratology. Maxwell T. Masters

      Fig. 20.—Section of united apples.

      In many of these cases, where the fruits are united by their bases, the summits become separated one from the other, so as to resemble the letter V. Such divergence is of frequent occurrence where fruits are united by their stalks, because, as growth goes on, the tendency must necessarily be towards separation and divergence of the tips of the fruit.

      In some cases of Syncarpy the fusion and interpenetration of the carpels is carried to such an extent that it is very difficult to trace on the outer surface the lines of union. The fruit in these cases resembles a single one of much larger size than usual. Moquin mentions a double apple in which the connection was so close that the fruit was not very different in form from what is customary, and a similar thing happens with the tomato. In the case of stone-fruits it sometimes happens, not only that the outer portions are adherent, but that the stones are so likewise.

M. Rœper has observed two apples grafted together, one of which had its stalk broken, and seemed evidently borne and nourished by the other apple;[51] and a similar occurrence happens not infrequently in the cucumber. Moquin has seen three united cherries having only a single stalk jointed to the central fruit, the lateral cherries having each a slight depression or cicatrix marking the situation of the suppressed stalks. Schlotterbec has figured three apples presenting precisely similar appearances.[52]

Fusion of two or more nuts (Corylus) is not uncommon; I have seen as many as five so united.[53] In these cases the fruits may be united together in a ring or in linear series.

      In some Leguminosæ, contrary to the general rule in the order, more than one carpel is found; thus peas, French beans, and other similar plants, are occasionally met with having two or more pods within the same calyx, and in Gleditschia triacanthos and Cæsalpinia digyna this is so commonly the case as to be considered almost the normal state. (De Cand. 'Mem. Leg.,' pl. 2, fig. 6; pl. 3, fig. 2.) At times these carpels become fused together, and it becomes difficult, when the traces of the flower have disappeared, to ascertain whether these carpels were formed in one flower, or whether they were the result of the fusion of several blossoms. I have seen an instance of this kind in a plum in which there were two carpels in the same flower, the one being partially fused to the other. The nature of such cases may usually be determined by an inspection of the peduncle which shows no traces of fusion. (See chapter on Multiplication.)

      When, however, the fruits are sessile, and they become grafted together, the kind of syncarpy is difficult to distinguish. It, may, nevertheless, be said as a general rule that the union brought about by the approximation of two fruits, after the fall of the floral whorls, is never so complete or so intimate as that determined by synanthy; and also that in those cases where there are supernumerary carpels in the flower, and those carpels become united together, they are rarely so completely fused that their individuality is lost.

An analogous phenomenon takes place not uncommonly in mosses, the spore capsules of which become united together in various ways and degrees. Schimper[54] cites the following species as subject to this anomaly:—Buxbaumia indusiata, Leskea sericea, Hypnum lutescens, Anomodon alternatus, Clinacium dendroides, Bryum cæspititium, Brachythecium plumosum, Mnium serratum, Splachnum vasculosum. It has also been observed in Trichostomum rigidulum and Hypnum triquetrum.

      In addition to the authorities already mentioned, the reader may consult Moquin-Tandon, 'El. Ter. Veg.,' p. 270. Turpin. 'Mém. greffe. Ann. Sc. Nat.,' ser. i, t. xxiv, p. 334. De Candolle, 'Organ. Veget.,' t. i. Duhamel, 'Phys. des Arbres,' t. i, p. 304, tab. xiii, xiv. Weber. 'Verhandl. Nat. Hist. Vereina f. d. Preuss. Rheinl. u. Westphal.,' 1860, p. 332, tab. vi. et vii.

Synspermy, or Union of the Seeds.—Seeds may be united together in various degrees, either by their integuments,[55] or by their inner parts. Such union of the seeds, however, is of rare occurrence. It takes place normally, to a slight extent, in certain cultivated forms of cotton, wherein the seeds are aggregated together into a reniform mass, whence the term kidney cotton. Union of the parts of the embryo is treated under another head (see Synophty).

Adhesion between the axes of different plants.—Under this head may be classed the union that takes place between the stems, branches, or roots of different plants of the same species, and that which occurs between individuals of different species; the first is not very different in its nature from cohesion of the branches of the same plant (figs. 21, 22). It finds its parallel, under natural circumstances, among the lower cryptogams, in which it often happens that several individual plants, originally distinct, become inseparably blended together into one mass. In the gardening operations of inarching, and to some extent in budding, this adhesion of axis to axis occurs, the union taking place the more readily in proportion as the contact between the younger growing portions of the two axes respectively is close. The huge size of some trees has been, in some cases, attributed to the adnation of different stems. This is said to be the case with the famous plane trees of Bujukdere, near Constantinople, and in which nine trunks are more or less united together.[56]

      Fig. 21.—Adhesion of two distinct stems of oak, or possibly cohesion of branches of the same tree. 'Gard. Chron.,' 1846, p. 252.

      A similar anastomosis may take place in the roots. Lindley cites a case wherein two carrots, of the white Belgian and the red Surrey varieties respectively, had grown so close to each other that each twisted half round the other, so that they ultimately became soldered together; the most singular thing with reference to this union was, that the red carrot (fig. 23, b), with its small overgrown part above the junction, took the colour and large dimensions of the white Belgian (d), which, in like manner, with its larger head above the joining (a), took the colour and small dimensions of the red one at and below the union (e d). The respective qualities of the two roots were thus transposed, while the upper portions or crowns were unaffected: the root of one, naturally weak, became distended and enlarged by the abundant matter poured into it by its new crown; and in like manner the root of the other, naturally vigorous, was starved by insufficient food derived from the new crown, and became diminutive and shrunken (see Synophty).

      Fig. 22.—Adhesion of the branches of two elms. 'Gard. Chron.,' 1849, p. 421.

The explanation of the fact that the stumps of felled fir trees occasionally continue to grow, and to deposit fresh zones of wood over the stump, depends on similar facts. In Abies pectinata, says Goeppert,[57] the roots of different individuals frequently unite; hence if one be cut down, its stump may continue to live, being supplied with nourishment from the adjacent trees to which it is adherent by means of its roots.

      Fig. 23.—Adhesion of two roots of carrot. 'Gard. Chron.,' 1851, p. 67.

A