The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States. Asa Gray
Filices (p. 678). Ferns, with fronds circinate in vernation, bearing the fructification on the under surface or beneath the margin.
132. Ophioglossaceæ (p. 693). Fronds often fern-like, erect in vernation. Sporangia globose, coriaceous, 2-valved, in special spikes or panicles.
133. Lycopodiaceæ (p. 695). Low moss like plants with elongated stems and small persistent entire several-ranked leaves. Sporangia solitary, axillary, 1–3-celled, 2–3-valved.
[*][*] Spores of two kinds, the macrospore producing a prothallus with archegonia, the microspore smaller and developing antheridia.
134. Selaginellaceæ (p. 697). Low leafy moss-like or marsh plants, with branching stems, and small 4–6-ranked leaves, or with a corm-like stem and basal linear-subulate leaves, the two kinds of spores in distinct solitary axillary 1-celled sporangia.
135. Marsiliaceæ (p. 700). The two kinds of spores in the same or different sporangia which are borne in a coriaceous peduncled sporocarp arising from a slender creeping rhizome. Fronds digitately 4-foliolate or filiform.
136. Salviniaceæ (p. 701). The two kinds of spores in separate thin-walled 1-celled sporocarps or conceptacles clustered beneath the small floating fronds; macrospores solitary.
Subclass II. CELLULAR ACROGENS, or BRYOPHYTES.
Plants with cellular tissue only; both antheridia and archegonia borne upon the plant itself.—Including the Musci, or Mosses (which are not treated of here), never thallose, and bearing capsules which usually dehisce by a lid and contain spores only, and the Hepaticæ, which bear capsules which dehisce by valves or irregularly and usually have elaters mingled with the spores. The latter division comprises the following Orders.
[*] Capsule 4-valved; plant a leafy axis or sometimes a branching thallus.
137. Jungermanniaceæ (p. 702). Leaves, when present, without a midrib, 2-ranked, with often a third row beneath; pedicels slender.
[*][*] Capsule 2-valved, or dehiscing irregularly, or indehiscent; plant a thallus or thalloid stem.
138. Anthocerotaceæ (p. 726). Thallus without epidermis, irregularly branching; pedicels stout or none. Capsule with a columella. Elaters mostly without fibres.
139. Marchantiaceæ (p. 727). Thallus radiate or dichotomous, the epidermis usually porose. Capsules borne on the under side of a pedunculate receptacle, irregularly dehiscent. Elaters 2-spiral.
140. Ricciaceæ (p. 730). Thallus radiate or dichotomous, the epidermis eporose. Capsules immersed in the thallus or sessile upon it, indehiscent. Elaters none.
ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE ORDERS.
Class I. DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. (See p. 1.)
Subclass I. ANGIOSPERMÆ. Pistil consisting of a closed ovary. Cotyledons only two.
Division I. POLYPETALOUS: the calyx and corolla both present; the latter of separate petals.
A. Stamens numerous, at least more than 10, and more than twice the sepals or lobes of the calyx.
1. Calyx entirely free and separate from the pistil or pistils.
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Pistils numerous but cohering over each other in a solid mass on an elongated receptacle. Magnoliaceæ, 49
Pistils numerous, separate, but concealed in a hollow receptacle.
Leaves opposite, entire; no stipules. Calycanthaceæ, 167
Leaves alternate, with stipules. Rosa, in Rosaceæ, 162
Pistils several, immersed in hollows of the upper surface of a large top-shaped receptacle. Nelumbo, in Nymphæaceæ, 55
Pistils more than one, separate, not enclosed in the receptacle.
Stamens inserted on the calyx, distinct. Rosaceæ, 150
Stamens united with the base of the petals, monadelphous. Malvaceæ, 96
Stamens inserted on the receptacle.
Filaments much shorter than the anther; trees. Anonaceæ, 50
Filaments longer than the anther.
Flowers diœcious; twiners with alternate leaves. Menispermaceæ, 51
Flowers perfect; if climbers, the leaves opposite.
Leaves not peltate; petals deciduous. Ranunculaceæ, 34
Leaves peltate; petals persistent. Brasenia, in Nymphæaceæ, 55
Pistils several-lobed, the ovaries united below the middle. Resedaceæ, 75
Pistils several, their ovaries cohering in a ring around an axis. Malvaceæ, 96
Pistils strictly one as to the ovary; the styles or stigmas may be several.
Leaves punctate under a lens with transparent dots. Hypericaceæ, 92
Leaves not punctate with transparent dots.
Ovary simple, 1-celled, 2-ovuled. Rosaceæ, 150
Ovary simple, 1-celled, with one parietal many-ovuled placenta.
Leaves 2–3-ternately compound or dissected. Ranunculaceæ, 34
Leaves peltate,