Essential Korean Grammar. Laura Kingdon
책을 한국어, 일본어 등의 언어로 읽을 수 있어요.
I chaegeul hangukeo, ilboneo deungui eoneoro ilgeul su isseoyo.
You can read this book in Korean, Japanese, etc.
This one is more like “like, for example.” You list your examples before it (A) and put the category they belong to (B) afterward.
종이, 연필 같은 학습준비물을 시험에 가지고 오세요.
Jongi, yeonpil gateun hakseupjunbimureul siheome gajigo oseyo.
Bring study materials like paper, a pencil, etc. to the test.
그 슈퍼에서 물, 맥주, 사이다 같은 음료를 팔아요.
Geu syupeoeseo mul, maekju, sa-ida gateun eumnyoreul parayo.
That shop sells drinks like water, beer, cider, etc.
이 책을 한국어, 일본어 같은 언어로 읽을 수 있어요.
I chaegeul hangukeo, ilboneo gateun eoneoro ilgeul su isseoyo.
You can read this book in languages like Korean, Japanese, etc.
This one is a little more complicated. It can be thought of as a slash. If only one example is listed, it becomes more like “and so on.” (으)ㄹ 겸 can be used after verbs or 겸 directly after nouns. There is also an expression, (으)ㄹ 겸 해서, which is used to focus on one cause out of many. This is covered on page 95.
아침 겸 점심을 먹었어요.
Achim gyeom jeomsimeul meogeosseoyo.
I ate brunch. (breakfast/lunch)
그는 기자 겸 사진사이에요.
Geuneun gija gyeom sajinsaieyo.
He is a journalist/photographer.
쇼핑도 하고 영화도 볼 겸, 명동에 갔어요.
Syopingdo hago yeonghwado bol gyeom, Myeongdonge gasseoyo.
I went to Myeongdong to go shopping and see a movie.
This is a way of listing examples. The 을/를 are object markers; see page 30. The category you’re giving examples of shouldn’t be too general: for instance, “action movies” is fine, but just “movies” is too broad a category.
카리비안의 해적을 비롯한 액션 영화를 봤어요.
Karibianui haejeogeul birotan aeksyeon yeonghwareul bwasseoyo.
I watched some action movies, including Pirates of the Caribbean.
비빔밥을 비롯한 한국 음식을 만들어 봤어요.
Bibimbapeul birotan hanguk eumsigeul mandeureo bwasseoyo.
I tried making some Korean food, including bibimbap.
보드카, 위스키, 소주를 비롯한 독한 술을 마셨어요.
Bodeuka, wiseuki, sojureul birotan dokhan sureul masyeosseoyo.
I drank strong alcohol, including beer, whiskey and soju.
Linking Sentences: And
Focus: 고
고 by itself is one way of saying “and.” You can also put it together with other expressions to get plenty of interesting and unexpected combinations. Here’s a quick list if you’re confused:
| Expression | Page | Meaning | Sample sentence |
| A고B | 51 | A and B | 민수가 정시에 오고 가영이 늦게 왔어요. Minsuga jeongsie ogo Kayeongi neutge wasseoyo. Minsu came on time and Kayoung was late. |
| ~고요 | 52 | ~, too | 민수가 늦어요. 음식도 가지고 오지 않고요. Minsuga neujeoyo. Eumsikdo gajigo oji ankoyo. Minsu’s late. He also didn’t bring any food. |
| ~고 있다 | 255 | Is ~ing | 그 아이가 놀고 있어요 Geu aiga nolgo isseoyo. The child is playing. |
| A고도B | 108 | Although A, B | 서두르고도 늦었어요. Seodureugodo neujeosseoyo. Although I hurried, I was late. |
| A고는B | – | Because of A, B (unexpectedly) happened | 그 책을 읽고는 성격이 달라졌어요. Geu chaegeul ilgoneun seonggyeogi dallajyeosseoyo. Since reading that book, his personality changed completely. |
| A고서B | 280 | A, then B | 지하철을 타고서 늦었어요. Jihacheoreul tagoseo neujeosseoyo. I took the subway and then I was late. |
| A고서는B | 281 | While A, B (can’t happen) | 신발을 신고서는 집에 들어올 수 없어요. Sinbareul singoseoneun jibe deureool su eobseoyo. You can’t come in the house while wearing your shoes. |
| A고서야B | 301 | A, then B | 우리가 지하철을 타고서야 정시에 올 수 있었어요. Uriga jihacheoreul tagoseoya jeongsie ol su isseosseoyo. We took the subway, and then we were able to arrive on time (at least partly because of taking the subway). |
| A고 나서B | 272 | A and then B | 저녁을 먹고 나서 담배를 피웠어요. Jeonyeogeul meokgo naseo dambaereul piwosseoyo. I ate dinner and then had a cigarette. |
| A고자B | 229 | I plan to A, so B | 늦지 않게 오고자 집에서 일찍 출발했어요. Neutji anke ogoja jibeseo iljjik chulbalhaesseoyo. I left the house early so as not to be late. |
| A고 보니 (까)B | 282 | I did A and then discovered that B | 지하철에 타고 보니 택시보다 더 느렸어요. Jihacheore tago boni taeksiboda deo neuryeosseoyo. I took the subway, but found it was slower than a taxi. |
| A고 해서B | 294 | A, so B | 열쇠를 일어버리고 해서 늦게 왔어요. Yeolsoereul ireobeorigo haeseo neutge wasseoyo. I lost my keys (among other things), so I arrived late. |
| ~고 말고(요) go malgo(yo) | 37 | Of course, ~ | 늦고 말고요. 민수는 일 때문에 정시에 오지 못 해요. Neutgo malgoyo. Minsuneun il ttaemune jeongsie oji mot haeyo. Of course he was late. Because of his job, he can’t come on time. |
| ~고 말겠다 go malgetda | 232 | I (definitely) plan to ~ | 이번에는 꼭 정시에 오고 말겠어요. Ibeoneneun kkok jeongsie ogo malgesseoyo. This time I’m definitely going to come on time. |
| ~고 말았다 go maratda | 233 | (Unfortunately), ~ happened. | 정시에 온다는 것이 결국 늦게 오고 말았어요. Jeongsie ondaneun geosi gyeolguk neutge ogo marasseoyo. I meant to come on time, but (unfortunately) I ended up being late. |
| ~고는/곤 하다 goneun/gon hada | 349 | Habitually do ~ | 민수가 대학교 때 자주 수업에 늦게 오곤 했어요. Minsuga daehakgyo ttae jaju sueobe neutge ogon haesseoyo. During university, Minsu was habitually |