Essential Korean Grammar. Laura Kingdon
CONJUGATED
| All tenses | ||
| Action verbs ending in a vowel | 하다 hada | 하고 hago |
| Action verbs ending in a consonant | 먹다 meokda | 먹고 meokgo |
| Descriptive verbs (adjectives) ending in a vowel | 예쁘다 yeppeuda | 예쁘고 yeppeugo |
| Descriptive verbs (adjectives) ending in a consonant | 작다 jakda | 작고 jakgo |
| Nouns ending in a vowel | 남자 namja | 남자이고 namjaigo |
| Nouns ending in a consonant | 물 mul | 물이고 muligo |
TAKE NOTE
First of all, the subjects of both clauses, A and B, must be the same you’re using one of these three verbs to end A: 가다, 오다 or 일어나다 ireonada. In these cases you should use 어서 instead of 고. You can use 가다, 오다 or 일어나다 with 고 if the subjects of both clauses are different from each other.
EXAMPLE SENTENCES
영화를 보고 쇼핑을 하러 강남에 갔어요.
Yeonghwareul bogo syopingeul hareo Gangname gasseoyo.
I went to Gangnam to see a movie and go shopping.
그 수업이 재미없고 어려워요.
Geu sueobi jaemieopgo eoryeowoyo.
That class is boring and difficult.
내일 한국어 공부하고 책을 읽을 거예요.
Naeil hangukeo gongbuhago chaegeul ilgeul geoyeyo.
Tomorrow I’m going to study Korean and read a book.
민수가 가고 가영이 왔어요.
Minsuga gago Kayeongi wasseoyo.
Minsu left and Kayoung came.
Note that in the last example I used 가다 but changed the subject. If Minsu left and then went to see a movie, you would say 민수가 가서 영화를 봤어요 Minsuga gaseo yeonghwareul bwasseoyo.
In all the variations of 고 (고요, 고도, 고서, etc.), the same rules apply: same subjects and no 가다, 오다, or 일어나다 unless the subject of the sentence is different.
민수가 항상 늦어요. 음식도 가지고 오지 않고요.
Minsuga hangsang neujeoyo. Eumsikdo gajigo oji ankoyo.
Minsu is always late. He also never brings any food.
Sometimes you say something and then remember something else you wanted to say. In this case, you can add a second sentence using 고요.
HOW IT’S FORMED
고 plus the polite ending 요. Of course, if you want to use this in 반말, you can; just drop the 요.
HOW IT’S CONJUGATED
It’s added to the verb at the end of a second sentence, the one where you mention your afterthought.
| Past | Present | Future | ||
| Action verbs ending in a vowel | 하다 | 했고요 | 하고요 | 할 거고요 |
| Action verbs ending in a consonant | 먹다 | 먹었고요 | 먹고요 | 먹을 거고요 |
TAKE NOTE
You don’t have to bother conjugating this expression in the past or future tenses if you don’t want to; Koreans often don’t. See the last example below.
If you have an object in the second clause (like “Korean” and “a book” in the example below) you should add 도 (too) at the end of it instead of 을/를. It sounds more natural that way.
It may or may not be strictly correct, but I’ve often heard Koreans use this expression even if the afterthought comes long afterward or is implied. For instance, a teacher will tell her students to “그림 그리세요 geurim geuriseyo” (draw a picture) and then five minutes later, “색칠도 하고요 saekchil do hagoyo” (also, color it).
EXAMPLE SENTENCES
그 수업이 재미없어요. 어렵고요.
Geu sueobi jaemieobseoyo. Eoryeopgoyo.
That class is boring. It’s also difficult.
내일 한국어 공부할 거예요. 책도 읽을 거고요.
Naeil hanguleo gongbuhal geoyeyo. Chaekdo ilgeul geogoyo.
내일 한국어 공부할 거예요. 책도 읽고요.
Naeil hangukeo gongbuhal geoyeyo. Chaekdo ilkgoyo.
Tomorrow I’m going to study Korean. I’m also going to read a book.
민수가 늦은 데다가 음식도 가지고 오지 않았어요.
Minsuga neujeun dedaga eumsikdo gajigo oji anasseoyo.
Minsu was late. He also didn’t bring any food.
These expressions are for those who like to cook. They can be used to add one thing to another thing. 에다(가) can be used with nouns to mean “adding one thing to another thing” or “putting something in a specific location.”
HOW IT’S FORMED
다가 is a very versatile expression which is explained in detail on page 268. The 에 and (으)ㄴ/는 데 before it simply mark the thing to which something else is being added: there’s no other meaning behind it. The 가 part of 다가 is optional.
HOW IT’S CONJUGATED
The difference between the two noun forms is that while 물인 데다가 murin dedaga means “It’s water, and on top of that…,” 물에다가 muredaga means to add something to the water.
| Past | Present | Future | ||
| Action verbs ending in a vowel | 하다 | 한 데다가 han dedaga | 하는 데다가 haneun dedaga | 하는 데다가 |
| Action verbs ending in a consonant | 먹다 | 먹은 데다가 meogeun dedaga | 먹는 데다가 meokneun dedaga | 먹는 데다가 |
| Descriptive verbs (adjectives) ending in a vowel | 예쁘다 | 예쁜 데다가 yeppeun dedaga | 예쁜 데다가 | 예쁜 데다가 |
| Descriptive verbs (adjectives) ending in a consonant | 작다 | 작은 데다가 jageun dedaga | 작은 데다가 | 작은 데다가 |
| Nouns ending in a vowel | 남자 | 남자인 데다가 namjain dedaga 남자에다가 namja-e-daga | 남자인 데다가 남자에다가 | 남자인 데다가 남자에다가 |
| Nouns ending in a consonant | 물 | 물인 데다가 murin dedaga 물에다가 muredaga | 물인 데다가 물에다가 | 물인 데다가 물에다가 |
TAKE NOTE
The subjects of both clauses should be the same.
The expressions here and (으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라/더러 (eu)r ppunman anira/deoreo have similar meanings, but they are used in different situations. See page 55