Библия Времени. Найди свое. Лим Ворд

      1. The first (steam) car, the military engineer Nicolas-Joseph Conjo, France, 1771 year. It was developed as a tractor of artillery pieces. Weight 2,8 tons, length 7, 5 m., Load capacity 5 tons, fuel – firewood, speed 3—4 km. h. Not quite a logical alignment on the front wheel leads, in the end, to the jamming of the control system and a serious accident. Nevertheless, steam cars are developing quite successfully, primarily in the UK, before the passage of a law obliging motorists to start ahead of the TS. a man beeping, waving a red flag.

      2. The world’s first practically used Steamboat, Pyroscaphe, Clermont, or North River Steamboat of the ethnic Irishman John Fulton (USA, 1807). Maximum speed on level water is 9 km. h.

      3. The first Russian steamship «Elizabeth», created in 1815, at the plant of Charles Byrd (Karl Nikolayevich), an ethnic Scotsman. Length 18, width 4.6, meters, draft 0.6 m. The side wheels – diameter 2, 4, width 1.2 meters. Steam engine power 4 l. from. The speed is 9.5 km. h. «Elizabeth», in the company of many, soon appeared, much improved pyroscaphes carries out regular flights on the line St. Petersburg – Kronstadt.

      4. The first steam locomotive, «Penidarren», by the name of the inventor’s hometown, Richard Trevithick (Great Britain, South Wales, 1803). Own weight of 5 tons, the speed of empty 26 km. h., Linked with 5 wagons with a mass of 25 tons – 8 km. h. For their time, this is a tremendous opportunity. «Penidarren» shows, something that previously seemed not so obvious: a heavy steam locomotive with smooth wheels is able to move along the rails without skidding. Later, in public trials, where, probably, nothing ever goes smoothly, this positive result is questioned. In 1811, not having received support from large financiers, Trevithick is ruined.

      5. The first completely payback locomotive creates in 1814 a mechanic, and concurrently also a watchmaker, George Stephenson. The engineer is in good standing with the management of the mining company, and therefore it is quite easy to get funds for the construction of a new locomotive. The time is quite suitable: because of the confrontation with Napoleon, in Europe the prices of feed for the main draft force-horses are rising sharply. The machine, called «Blucher», runs a train of 8 wagons, weighing 30 tons at a speed of 6.4 km. h, on the stretch of the road with a rise of 0.3º. Soon locomotives conquer the world.

      6. The world’s first gasoline-powered vehicle, Vienna, Austria, 1864. The inventor is Siegfried Marcus. The basis of the body is a simple trolley without steering. The engine starts with the rear wheels raised up. The speed of this t.s. is unknown.

      7. The world’s first commercially available, suitable for long-distance trips gasoline car «Motorwagen». The inventor, the production worker – Karl Friedrich Benz, the owner of a mechanical (bicycle) workshop. Weight of the machine is 265 kg., Engine power 0,95 hp, maximum speed 16 l. from. On the first copy of the car there is no gearbox (one single speed, engine speed control), but there is already a belt clutch. In August 1888, Carl’s wife, Bertha, is the world’s first motor rally for practical purposes – visiting relatives. A journey of one hundred kilometers back and forth, occupying, in one direction, a day (with two sons, on the heights of a pushing car) is quite successful, and he does everything possible to sell the first batch of cars – 25 pieces.

      Since the beginning of the nineteenth century, gradually, at first in the form of amusing scientific popular views, a fundamentally new source of energy has been developed. Ladies and gentlemen receive electrical discharges from the first condenser-the Leiden Bank-created in 1745 by the Dutchman Peter van Muschenbruck, shudder, laugh nervously, and, of course, hardly realize what the real potential of the invention is. Further, in 1785 – the Frenchman Charles Coulomb gives a strict mathematical formula of the law of electrostatic interaction (rightly received the name of his discoverer). In 1791, a scientist (since he tries not to conceal, but to extend the knowledge he has gained) Galvani publishes a treatise on the effect of an electric current obtained by contact of the scalpel and electrolyte (preservative) metal on the muscles of the frog prepared by him. After 9 years, another curious Italian, Volta is the first galvanic element – a column of zinc and silver circles, separated by dampened paper in salted water. Experiments with electricity acquire a kind of instrumental, already really interesting look.

      In 1820, a student at a lecture by the Danish professor G. Oersted (demonstrating the ability of the voltaic pole current to heat the wire) notes that the arrow of the compass, on top of which the wire was turned, is deflected each time the electrical circuit is closed. Metals acquire magnetic properties when electricity flows through them? Realizing this, having done some additional experiments, having published the appropriate scientific work, Oersted becomes rich (the Napoleon Prize, 3000 francs) and is famous.

      Frenchman Andre-Marie Amper, without wasting time, in the same year puts a number of even more thoughtful experiments, displays strict, somewhat intimidating with its complexity formulas. It turns out in particular that parallel conductors with currents flowing in one direction are attracted, while in opposite directions they repel each other. The coil of the wire, through which the current flows, is equivalent to a permanent magnet. Strengthen the magnetic effect can be, if you place inside it an iron core.

      A direct road to one of the greatest inventions of the 19th century opens – an electric telegraph. Actually, the galvanic telegraph was invented, tested at a distance of 3 km back in 1812. The essence of the 32 wires can be connected to the electrical circuit, at the opposite end of the communication line the bubbles in the acid solution are determined by the sign of the alphabet chosen by the sender – but, for practical use, it is not quite that. Before that, as early as 1774, we tested, we imagine, an electrostatic telegraph (some electrified balls were deflected), of course, with an even more incomprehensible utilitarian output.

      Few suitable, although in general, workable are other, over-complicated families of telegraphs – until the invention and popularization (approximately) in 1840 of Samuel Morse’s apparatus.

      …Michael Faraday, the pride of Great Britain, opens in 1831 the law of electromagnetic induction. A method of cheap and efficient electricity reception is found. This success is developed by D. Maxwell, also an Englishman, not a fan of practical experiments, but (in contrast to M. Faraday) a first-class mathematician. The electromagnetic wave propagation formulas, derived by him in 1873, determine the way to the creation of a fundamentally new communication device.

      In 1885—1889 the German physicist Heinrich Hertz, striving at all costs to refute Maxwell’s theory and at the same time, to create his own, conducts a series of experiments; in which confirms the rightness of a talented Englishman. However, he becomes great himself. In fact, it is Professor Hertz who creates the world’s first radio. The transmission range of the signal is three meters,